30 BULLETIN 130, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



stove is covered with tiles of porcelaiji. The stove is sometimes 

 built between rooms, or by a flue connects with a hall reservoir. 

 These stoves cost from one to two hundred pounds. ^* 



The Scandinavian stove, commonly used in Sweden, Norway, 

 Denmark, and North Germany, is a tall, hollow pillar of rectangular 

 section, varying from 3 to 6 feet in width and rising half way to the 

 ceiling of the room and sometimes liigher. A fire is lit in the lower 

 part and the products of combustion on their way upward meet with 

 horizontal iron plates, which deflect them first to right and then left, 

 and compel them to make a long serpentine journey before they reach 

 the chimney. That heat is radiated from a large siu'face is the 

 principle. It is also built between two rooms, perhaps between 

 kitchen and another room, and is very economical. " 



In Norway the tall, iron-flued stove superseded the great open fire 

 with no chimney obtaining since ancient times. 



In these countries the tile stove is an important feature of archi- 

 tecture, and sometimes the house is built around the stove, which 

 is placed in the center and juts into four rooms. They are often 

 elaborately decorated and very costly. 



Both the tile and iron-flue stoves represent a great economy of fuel, 

 and it seems unfortunate that they have not been introduced into the 

 colder areas of North America, where sustained low temperatures 

 extend over many weeks. A little wood is biu^nt in the stove once a 

 day or twice a day in very cold weather. It is observed that the 

 Russian stove merely amehorates the room temperature and does not 

 heat the air to a degree of positive comfort. 



There are several reasons for the development of this kind of stove, 

 severe climate, scarcity of fuel, state of advancement in housing arts, 

 etc. In the high latitudes of the Western Hemisphere no such de- 

 velopment has arisen. In a sense the Eskimo lives in his stove, rep- 

 resented by his nonconducting house, which the lamp and human 

 heat radiations render often uncomfortably warm. 



The northern Indian, by selection of place to camp, structure of 

 his wig^vam, and the possession of abundant fuel, accomplished the 

 same protection. 



COOKING 



The history of the use of fire in cooking is of great interest. Two 

 important facts appear in the study of cooking, and are seen in the 

 variety of special inventions for the application of fire to the ob- 

 jects to be cooked and the many mechanical and technical devices 

 accompanying these uses. The second refers to the far-reaching 



'* Condensed from M.Williams, The Englishman's Fireside, Science in Short Chapters, p. 218. 

 T5 The Englishman's Fireside, Science in Short Chapters, p. 219. 



