FIEE AS AN AGENT IN HUMAN CULTURE 49 



Stoves with under draught. — A pottery stove model from Caracas, 

 Venezuela, has a cylindrical base containing the air chamber. The 

 fire bowl is perforated in the bottom (pi. 16, fig. 6). A similar 

 speciman from Guadalajara, Mexico, has a fire bowl with perforated 

 bottom mounted on a base forming the air chamber furnished with 

 an opening (pi. 16, fig. 2) . Another specimen is from the Indian town 

 of San Pedro, Mexico (fig. 5) . The Porto Rico pottery stove has the 

 air chamber in a hollow base and the fire bowl has a grate and lugs ; 

 collected b}^ Paul Beckwith (fig. 4) , From Tangier, Morocco, comes 

 a stove cut from soft stone. The air box is in the base; the fire box 

 is circular, with grate bars cut in the bottom. There are four low 

 bosses at the corners of the fire box for pot rests; collected by 

 Talcott Williams. A Spanish stove, hornilla, is made of white 

 clay and has four legs, an air chamber and a fire pot with iron 

 bars; collected by the writer in Madrid (fig. 3). A model bowl stove 

 with side cut out is from Java (fig. 1). An earthenware coal pot, 

 soufriere, from Santa Lucia, was collected at the Jamaica exposition 

 of 1891. It is of terra cotta, well made, and is ornamented. It con- 

 sits of a cylindrical air chamber with opening in front onto a hearth 

 continuous with the bottom. The circular top has a flat rim with 

 three pot supports, and a fire basin having draught slits as in a grate. 

 Two holes are pierced in the sides of the fire bowl above the fire in 

 front (pi. 17, fig. 2). A pottery three-hole stove with bosses conies 

 from the Philippines (pi. 17, fig. 1). 



An interesting pottery stove of the upright or Egyptian and Chi- 

 nese type from S. Christovao, Portugal, was secured from the 

 New Orleans exposition. It is made in a craftsmanlike manner and 

 is of dark gray micaceous resonant ware. The fire box with grate 

 surmounts the cylindrical air box, which has a large oval opening. 

 The cooking pot is a squat vessel with twisted lugs and a lid (pi. 18). 

 In Florence, Italy, there is or was used a tumbler-shaped pottery 

 stove with ledge on the interior on which a grate rests. Such stoves 

 of terra cotta are used for warming portions of the body and for small 

 cooking.2' Ancient Etruscan stoves of the third century B. C. from 

 Sovana, Italy, are shown in Plate 19. 



Metal stoves used extensively among civilized peoples are also 

 sometimes found partaking of a simple character among less advanced 

 peoples. Very simple iron stoves have survived to our day on account 

 of particular employments. Mention is made of a low iron stove 

 from Fez, Morocco. It is a drum shape of sheet and wrought iron, 

 mounted on three legs riveted to the sides and extending upwardly, 

 the ends bent over the fire box forming rests for the pot, that is, serving 

 as primitive andirons. The grate of strips of flat iron is hung mid- 

 way of the drum. A httle hinged door with latch opens on the air 



" From D. I. Bushnell, jr., 



