FIRE AS AN AGENT IN HUMAN CULTURE 71 



holes lined with clay and bamboo blowers supply the draft to 

 their fires.* 



There are references to quarrying by fire in India and other places. 

 There is no authority for the use of fire in aboriginal copper mining 

 in the Lake Superior region, the metal being pounded out of the rock 

 superficially. 



"Among the recent discoveries at Hissarlik by Doctor Schliemann 

 are the remains of buildings which he supposes to have been 

 temples. The walls are respectively 1.45 meters and 1.25 meters 

 thick. Notliing, he says, could better prove the great antiquity of 

 the buildings than the fact that they were built of unbaked bricks, 

 and that the walls had been baked in situ by huge masses of wood 

 piled up on both sides of each wall and kindled simultaneously. Each 

 of the buildings has a vast vestibulum, and each of the front faces 

 of the lateral walls is provided with six vertical quadrangular beams, 

 which stood on well-polished bases, the lower part of wliich were 

 preserved, though, of course, in a calcined state. Doctor Schliemann 

 maintains that in these ancient Trojan temples we may see that 

 the antoe or parastades , which is later Hellenic temples fulfilled only 

 a technical purpose, served as an important element of construction, 

 for they were intended to protect the wall ends and to render them 

 capable of supporting the ponderous weight of the superincumbent 

 crossbeams and the terrace. Similar primitive antoe were found in 

 two other edifices, and at the lateral walls of the northwestern gate. 

 It was also discovered that the great wall of the ancient Acropolis had 

 been built of unbaked bricks, and had been baked like the temple 

 walls in situ. According to Doctor Schliemann, a similar process of 

 baking entire walls has never yet been discovered, and the antoe in 

 the Hellenic temples are nothing else than reminiscences of the 

 wooden antoe of old, which were of important constructive use,"' 



In the Salt River Valley, Arizona, the prehistoric inhabitants lined 

 their ditches with clay or puddled earth, which they baked in place 

 with fires of weeds and brush. It is said that these canals retain 

 their lining, and then when cleared out and used by the present inhab- 

 itants never foul up with water growth.^" 



This reminds one of the modern practice in some localities of bak- 

 ing "gumbo" for road making. ^^ 



SMOKE AND ASHES 



There is considerable technology of smoke and ashes. The use of 

 smoke in coloring and preserving tawed skins was known to most of 

 the American Indian tribes. The smoke gave the skin a character- 



• Ramon Reyes Lala. The Amer. Mon. Rev. of Rev., Article on Gold in Philippines, p. 76. 



• Henry Schliemann. Troja, New York, 1884, p. 52. Summary from Scientific American. 

 w F. W. Hodge. Ancient irrigation in Arizona, Amer. Anthrop., vol. 6, July, 1893, p. 325. 

 a Popular Mechanics, vol. 19, April, 1913, p. 567. 



