226 BULI.ETIN 139, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



bucket lamps, such as were used on ships or in hallways; a tin foun- 

 tain or gravity lamps, and an improved Argand.* The crusie was 

 also adapted for civic uses. There is in the StirUng Museum a crusie 

 street lamp. 



GERMANY 



The domestic lamps in Germany at a former period were similar 

 to those of England, The form of crusie differs in being covered, 

 and the wick is installed in a sloping channel raised above the spout 

 so that the drip drains back into the reservoir. This improvement 

 was probably also found in English crusies. The tin, brass, and 

 pewter lamps involve the same simple principles as in the English 

 forms.® 



German lamps are found in America, brought over by immigrants. 



NOHWAT, SWEDEN, AND DENMARK 



The lamps of these countries offer a few differences when compared 

 with those of England and Germany, and these mainly in point of 

 folk art 



ICELAND 



Dr. C. A. Q. Norton is authority for the statement that the Ice- 

 landers used a lamp made from a whale's pelvis, the openings stopped 

 with a cement of sand mixed with blood, and also that the lamp was 

 fed with pieces of auk. 



''Both in the Faroes and in Iceland stone lamps were used com- 

 paratively recently, specimens being occasionally found in digging 

 on the sites of former houses. One thus brought to light in the 

 Westermann Isles is now in the possession of Henry Balfour, who has 

 kindly permitted me to examine it. It consists of a flat volcanic 

 stone, slightly waterworn, on the upper surface of which a shallow 

 depression, roughly wedge shaped in outline, has been scooped out, 

 measuring 43^ inches in length and 214 inches in breadth at the base, 

 which is rounded ; the apical part of the wedge, wliich is slightly con- 

 stricted from the rest at a point 1 }/2 inches from the apex, served, 

 without reaching the edge of the stone, as a channel to hold the wick, 

 which was probably of wool; the stone itself is oval, b]/^ inches long, 

 5 inches in maximum transverse diameter, and 1 J^ to 1 % inches in 

 thickness. Judging from a date carved on a horn spoon found with 

 it, this lamp is about 270 years old; its workmanship is superior to 

 that of some more recent Scotch and Arcadian specimens, and also 

 of one I have seen that had been dug up in the Faroes. At first I 

 was inclined to regard the Westermann specimen rather as a mold in 

 which metal lamps were beaten out, but the great depth of the Ice- 

 landic brass and iron lamps of the 'crusie' type precludes this idea."^ 



' D. Braee Peebles. Northern Notes and Queries, Trans. Roy. Scot. See. Arts, vol. 12, 1887, pp. 30, 31. 

 » L. E. Von Benesch. Beleuchtungswesen. Vienna, 1905. 



'Nelson Annandale. The Survival of Primitive Implements, Materials, and Methods in the Faroes 

 and South Iceland. Journ. Anthrop. Inst-, vol. 33, July-December, 1903, p. 250. 



