FIRE AS AN AGENT IN HUMAN CULTURE 227 



Annandale says of the Icelandic use of the bones of the pilot whale 

 {Glohicephalus melas) : 



"When fresh they are in use as a fuel for fires over which fish oil 

 is boiled. * * * The jaws were used as a shovel for putting peat 

 on the fire."® 



FRANCE 



The crusie used in mediaeval times in France was without drip 

 catcher. The support was curved forward and provided with notches. 

 A link attached to the base of the hook passed over the notches 

 and allowed the lamp to be tipped forward, so that all the oil could 

 be consumed. This advantage was provided for in some of the 

 Scotch crusies by hanging the inner lamp shell on a notched support. 



A crusie of different style, of cast brass, was used in northern France. 

 The reservoir is spoon shaped, with a small opening in the side for 

 pouring in oil. The upper portion is pierced and resembles a dome 

 with columns. It is provided with an iron hook for suspension, and 

 a circular drip catcher hangs below the reservoir. Crusies of iron, 

 some with rigid hooks and others with pivoted hook, as in the Eng- 

 lish forms, were formerly employed in France.^ 



Among the occupational lamps a remarkable miner's lamp from 

 north France may be mentioned. It consists of a spheroidal reser- 

 voir of cast iron with a wick hole near the edge, mounted with a hinge 

 joint for tipping between two wrought-iron arms joined above form- 

 ing a yoke to which is attached a stout hook. The pivoted cover 

 over the hole for filling is surmounted by the figure of a cock. These 

 lamps are made in the Cevenne and Auvergne districts at St. Etienne, 

 etc. They are used by the potters of Le Puy and by iron miners in 

 Saone and Loire and at Le Mons, Belgium. 



Civic lighting in Europe in earlier days was confined to lanterns 

 suspended over the streets on a cord, with cord and pulleys for 

 lowering the lamp for attention, or from brackets fastened to a wall. 

 Many figures of French street lamps are found in d'Allemagne's work 

 cited. 



ITALY 



Italy, as the center of the best and most widespread illumination 

 of antiquity, presents many interesting lamps reminiscent of the older 

 period or direct survivals and retrogressions. Thus there existed 

 side by side lamps like the lucerna of classic pattern and simple 

 grease dishes of primitive type. Rude iron lamps of boat form sus- 



» Journ."Anthrop. Inst., vol. 33, pp. 250-251, pi. 25, p. 9. 



• Henry-Renfi d'Allemagne. Histoire du Luminaire. Paris, 1891. This is an excellent work, artistically 

 clothed. 



