FIRE AS AN AGENT IN HUMAN CULTURE 229 



fretwork arms. This lamp was ordered by the Sultan Mohammed 

 III of Granada in the year 705 of the Hejira, 1305 A. D. From Gra- 

 nada also is an oil holder in gold of the purest grenadine work of the 

 fourteenth century, bearing enamel inscriptions. An illustration of 

 the mosque lamp is found in Henri Rene d'Allemagne's Histoire du 

 Luminaire. There is also in the Escorial a beautiful lamp of bronze 

 and coral dating from the seventeenth centur3^ 



Moorish lamps encountered in Spain are of terra cotta glazed or 

 unglazed or of bronze. The hand lamp is vase shaped, with handle 

 and the characteristic long spout with open wick gutter. In bronze 

 this form is more elaborate, having a hinged cover on the feeding 

 opening, a pierced handle, and tweezers attached by a chain. Terra- 

 cotta lamps with three spouts are found, also suspension four-spout 

 lamps of the same material. 



HOLLAND AND BELGIUM 



The lamps in ordinary use in these countries formerly are char- 

 acteristic, are well and strongly made, and of good material. The 

 chief departure from the crusie is shown in the number of wick 

 spouts. The Netherlands crusie is provided with a drip catcher. 

 Table lamps with base and stem have long spouts. The reservoir 

 with spout is frequently set in the cup bearing the drip spout. 

 These lamps also have a perforated tab by which they may be hung. 

 Bucket lamps with two spouts or more and with bail for hanging 

 are also fomid in Holland and Belgium. Their use was for halls and 

 on ships. Note has been made that these lamps have some gravity 

 pressure. 



ASU 



The lamps of Asia, both ancient and modern, are of great variety, 

 reflect the highest and crudest art, but so far as invention goes are 

 in the primitive class. Even environmental conditions which, 

 according to theories seeming to apply to Europe, should stimulate 

 inventions for procuring better light in northern latitudes have not 

 produced the predicted result in Asia. 



In Arctic Asia little has been recorded as to the use of lamps. So far 

 as may be suggested at present a small circular stone lamp is found, 

 Uke the dish type found in Alaska, which may confidently be said to 

 be an introduction from Asia. The broad-wick elhptic lamp of the 

 Eskimo apparently belongs exclusively to the Western Hemisphere, 

 but it is used by the Eskimo on the Siberian side. The lamp of the 

 Chukchi and Chuvanes of Siberia is a round dish of stone, but has 

 a small spout formed on the rim where is burnt a small light for 

 smokers, while if a large Hght or heat are needed the whole dish is 

 used.^- 



"Information by Oen. James M. Ash ton, who traveled in this region in 1934. 



