682 



SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS. — PICARLE — PICL 



DRYOBA'TES. (Gr. bpvs, dnis, a tree, especially an oak, gen. 8pv6s, druos, in combining 

 form dryo-, and ^drrji, bates, one that treads, a goer; Qalvco, baino, I go, walk.) Black- 

 AND-WHITE-SPOTTEU WOODPECKERS. Bill more or less nearly equal to head in length, stout, 

 straight, truncate at tip, bevelled toward end, with sharp culnien and distinct lateral ridges on 

 upper mandible; at base rather broader than liigh, with large nasal tufts hiding nostrils; cnl- 

 men, commissure, and gouys straight or nearly so (fig. 399). Feet with outer posterior longer 

 than outer anterior toe ; inner anterior intermediate between these. Wing long, pointed by 4th, 

 3d, and .5th quills; 2d decidedly shorter (shorter than 7th, except in borealis) ; 1st fairly s])u- 

 rious. Species of medium and small size, all black-and-white (one brown-backed), the back 

 striped or barred, the wings with numerous small round white spots on the quills; ^ with red 

 on head. (Genus Picus of all previous eds. of the Key, as of most writers; but as the old 

 Linnsean Picus is now restricted to an entirely different European genus of Woodpeckers, we 

 select for the American genus, of which our familiar Downy Woodpecker is the type, the name 

 Dnjobates of Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 977.) 



Analysis of Species and Varieties. 



Back dark brown, neither striped nor fully barred with white arizonce 



Back black, not striped lengthwise, but barred crosswise with white : " ladder-backs " (as in fig. 407). 



One Large white space on side of head Crown black borealis 



Two white stripes on sides of head 



Nasal feathers white ; <f crown black, nape red, both white-spotted nuttalli 



Nasal feathers brown ; (f crown and nape red, both white-spotted. 



Outer web of outer tail-feather entirely black-barred scalaris bairdi 



Outer web of outer tail-feather partly black-barred scalaris lucasanus 



Back black, not barred crosswise, but striped lengthwise with white : " pole-backs." 

 Outer tail-feathers wholly white. Length usually 9-10 inches. 



Greater coverts and inner secondaries profusely white-spotted. Eastern. 



Of major size : length lO.OO-ll. 00 villoius leucomelas 



Of medium size : length il.OO-lO.OO villosus proper 



Of minor size : length 8.00-0.00 villosus auduboni 



Greater coverts and inner secondaries sparsely or not white-spotted. Western. 



White-bellied. Rocky mountain region villosus hyloscopus 



Smoky-bellied. Pacific coast region villosus harrisi 



Outer tail-feathers barred with black. Length usually 0-7 inches. 



Greater coverts and inner secondaries profusely white-spotted. Eastern puhescens 



Greater coverts and inner secondaries sparingly or not white-spotted. 



White-bellied. Rocky mountain region pubescens homorus 



Smoky-bellied. Pacific coast region pubescens gairdneri 



D. borea'lis. (Lat. borealis. northern; inappro])riate for a IT. S. species. Fig. 390.) Eed- 



cockaded Woodpecker. Body spotted and 

 crosswise banded, but not streaked. Head black 

 on top, with a large silky white auricular patch 

 embracing eye and extending on side of neck, bor- 

 dered above in ^ by a scarlet stripe not meeting 

 its fellow on nape ; nasal feathers and those on 

 side of under jaw white; black of crown connected 

 across lores with a black stripe running from cor- 

 ner of bill down side of throat and neck to be dis- 

 sipated on side of breast in black spots continued 

 less thickly along whole side and on crissum ; 

 under parts otherwise soiled white. Central tail- 

 feathers black ; others white, black-barred. Back 

 and wings barred with black and white ; larger 



([uills and many coverts with the white bars resolved into paired spots. 9 lacking red cockade. 



A peculiar isolated species; wings longer and more pointed than usual in this genus; 2d quill 



Fig. 39G. — Red-cockaded Woodpecker, nat. size. 

 (Ad. nat. del. E. 0.) 



