586 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS. — PICARLE — PICI. 



ally 6-7 pairs on primaries, several on all secondaries, and one or more on each covert. Four 

 middle tail-feathers black ; next pair black and white ; next two pairs white, as stated. Under 

 parts white. Crown and sides of head black, with a white stripe over and behind eye ; an- 

 other from nasal feathers running below eye to spread on side of neck ; a scarlet nuchal band 

 in ^ , sometimes broken in two, wanting in 9 • Young with crown mostly red or bronzy, or 

 even yellowish. Eastern N. Am., common; accidental in England. Length usually 9.00- 

 10.00; extent 15.50-17.50; wing 4.50-5.00; tail 3.50; bill 1.12; whole foot 1.06. Varies 

 greatly in size, mainly according to latitude; birds of the dimensions just given constitute 

 typical rillosus of most parts of the U. S., directly connected on the one hand with the larger 

 northern D. v. leucomelas, on the other witli tiie smaller D. r. auduhoni. These facts have 

 long been known, and have been recognized in former editions of the Key by presenting the 

 species under the three phases called a. major, h. medius, and c. minor — terms now replaced by 

 more formal nomenclature of the two extremes, leaving the mean to stand as D. rillosus proper. 

 This species in the West shades directly into D. v. hyloscopns and D. v. harrisi, by disappear- 

 ance of the spots from the coverts and inner secondaries ; the change occurs on the eastern 

 slopes of the Rocky Mts. One of the common eastern U. S. Woodpeckers, but not so often 

 noticed as the little pubescens, as it is less familiar, and keeps more in the woods. Eesident 

 wherever occurring. Eggs 3-6, or 7, 1.00 X 0.75 to 0.85 X 0.65, Apr.-June. 

 D V. leucom'elas. (Gr. XevKos, leitkos, white, and /x«\af, melas, black.) Northern Hairy 

 WooDX'ECKER. Boddaert's WOODPECKER. Very large and hoary. Length up to 11.00 ; 

 wing over 5.00; tail nearly 4.00; whole foot 1.90; bill 1.50! Northern N. Am., from the 

 northern tier of the U. S. through British America to the Pacific in Alaska. 

 D. V. aud'uboni. (To J. J. Audubon.) SOUTHERN Hairy Woodpecker. Audubon's 

 Woodpecker. Very small and dark. Grading down to 8.00, thus within an inch of the 

 maximum of D. pubescens. South Atlantic and Gulf States, from N. Carolina and Tennes- 

 see to Louisiana and S. E. Texas. 



D. V. hylos'copus. (Gr. vXoa-Konos, hidoscopos, watching over woodland, as the god Pan was 

 said to do, or as any forester does ; vXrj, hide, woods, and o-kottos, a watchman.) Rocky Moun- 

 tain Hairy Woodpecker. Cabanis' Woodpecker. Exactly like ctZZosws, excepting fewer 

 wing-spots and white lores ; generally none on coverts and inner quills ; with specimens enough 

 we can see the spots disappear one by one. Generally white below, but in some regions less 

 pure and immaculate, thus grading into D. v. harrisi, from which it was not separated in the 

 lst-3d editions of the Key. Size of average villosus. Western U. S. from the Rocky Mts. to 

 the Pacific, excepting the special range of 2). r. harrisi, and southward into Mexico. This is the 

 ordinary white-bellied " hairy " Woodpecker of wooded regions in most parts of the Western 

 U. S., as distinguished from the smoky-bellied harrisi of the N. W. coast region. Dryobates 

 hyloscopus, Cab. and Heine, Mus. Hein. iv, Pt. ii, 1863, p. 69 ; D. r. hyloscopns Brewst. 

 Auk, July, 1888, p. 252; A. 0. U. List, 2d ed. 1895, No. 393 d. P. v. hyloscopns CouES, 

 Key, 4th ed. 1890, p. 903. 



D. V. montic'ola. (Lat. monticola, inhabitant of a mountain ; mons, gen. montis, a moun- 

 tain ; colere, to cultivate, inhabit; incola, an inhabitant.) Rocky Mountain Hairy Wood- 

 pecker. Said to differ from D. r. hyloscopus in larger size, whiter under parts, and chiefly or 

 entirely black lores as in rillosus. Wing 5.20 ; tail 4.20. Alleged range in the Rocky Mts. 

 from New Mexico to Montana, and Uintah Mts. of Utah. D. r. montanus Anthony, Auk, 

 Jan. 1896, p. 32, changed to D. v. monticola Anthony, Auk, Jan. 1898, p. 54 ; A. 0. U. Suppl. 

 List, Auk, Jan. 1899, p. 1]0, No. 393 e. 



D. V. har'risi. (To Edward Harris, friend of Audubon, and his companion on the memorable 

 Missouri River voyage of 1843.) CoLUiMBiAN Hairy Woodpecker. Harris' Wood- 

 pecker. Exactly like hyloscopus, in fewness or entire lack of white spots on the wing-coverts 

 and inner quills, but smoky-gray instead of white below, and sometimes acquiring a few thin 



