PICID.E — PICIN.E : WOODPECKERS. 



599 



Analysis of Species and Subspecies or Variations. 



tj Black moustaches and red nape. Rump snowy-white. 



Wings and tail golden- yellow underneath ; belly yellowish ; back olivaceous-brown ; throat lilac-brown ; cap ashy. 



Eastern N A auratus and luleiis 



[Characters mixed in every degree between the foregoing and next following. Upper Missouri and Rocky Mt. 



regions ayresi] 



(f Red moustaches and no red on nape. Rump snowy or slightly pinkish white 



Wings and tail orange-red underneath ; belly not yellowish ; back brownish ; throat ashy ; cap lilac-brown. Wing 

 6.50; bill 1.50. 



Back lighter brown. The stock form of Western N. A mezicanus 



Back darker brown. The dark form of the N. W. coast region m. saturatior 



Wings and tail bricky-red underneath ; rump soiled whitish ; belly not yellowi.sh ; back brownish ; throat ashy ; cap 



cinnamon-brown. Wing G.OO ; bill l.(K). Guadalupe Island riifipileits 



Wings and tail golden-yellow ; belly hardly yellowish ; back umber-brown ; throat ashy , cap cinnamon-brown. Wing 

 hardly GOO ; bill \M). 



Back ligliter bro^v^l. The stock form of Southwestern N. A chrysoiiles 



Back darker brown. The dark form of some parts of Lower California c. bruniiescens 



Obs. It will be noted how curiously these species are distinguished mainly by different combinations of common 

 characters. 



C. aura'tus. (L;it. auratus, gulden, gildccl. Figs. 412. 41:}.) Goldex-wixgei) Wood- 

 pecker. Yellow-shafted Woodpecker. Pigeon Woodpecker. Flicker. Yucker. 

 Yarup. Wake-up. Clape. High-hole. High-holder. Yellow-hammer. Back 

 and exposed surfaces of wing-coverts and secondaries olive- 

 brown witli numerous black bars. Kunip snowy-white; 

 upper tail-coverts white, mixed with black. Primaries 

 blackish, with golden shafts, and glossed with golden un- 

 derneath, at their bases paler and more tawny yellow. 

 Tail-feathers above black, their shafts and under surfaces S- " ■>, 

 golden, blackened at ends, the outermost with a few touches 

 of yellow or white. Top nf liead, with back and sides of ^^•^ 



neck, ash, with a scarlet nuchal band (in both sexes). 

 Sides of head, whole chin, throat, and fore-breast lilac- «P^w*'f *- * 

 brown, with broad black cheek-patches, these " mous- mm^k^'^'k^. 

 taches wanting usually in the 9 » exceptionally showing M|^&rfVM -v '.^ U. 

 red touches in the $. A broad black pectoral semilune. ^HB^Br-LV irfSf^'i'^ 

 r)ther under parts shading fnun a lighter shade of color of ^^^^^|F^ Uj-' ^4iwC^' "" > \\ 

 breast into creamy- yellow, nuirked with numerous circular l^^BlElfi '^ ridtmM ' ■■ ■^•^ ^^ .', 



black spots. Hill and feet dark plumbeous. Iris brown. 



Length 12.00-13.00; extent 1800-21.00, usually about ^Pnir^JPHPfS^": ' ' / 



20.00; wiuii 5.75-6.2.5; tail 4. .50; bill 1.25-1.50; whole BiH/f.*!*' 



fiot 2. .■{:{. Young similar: more red on head. Eastern l^Bw/ ^i* v, . i 



X. .\m.; \. to Labrador, Hudson's Bay, etc., and farther ^^HmP^ I'V^ .' V/ 



X. \V. to the Arctic circle; casual in California; a(^ci- ^Btj^ ■^''\' ( 



dental in Greenland and Europe; in the West regularly to 



the Great Plains. l)Ut in the easternmost foothills of the 



Rocky Mts. meeting and mixing with C. mc.ricanus (see 



ni-xt article). The species keeps pretty pure to the Upper 



.Missouri, wiiere adulterated with mexicanns ; pure to the 



Pacific in Alaska. The first deviation is appearance of red ——■» 



feathers in black maxillary patches ; these increase till they wBRtf; aJ(Mk 



prevail, finally to exclusion of black, resulting in the wholly fio. 413. — Golden- wing««d Woodpecker, 



re.l patch of meximnus. With this change occurs diminu'- » ""'• """• <'''°'" """'""■' 



tion ami final extinction of tlic scarlet nuchal crescent ; when, coincidently, wp find the cliar- 



acteri.stic golden-yellow on wings and tail passing through an intermeiliule tiraugo into the red 



