CHA RA DRIIDyE — CHA RA DRIINM : PL VER. 



769 



shore, by the water's edge in other open pUices, and in dry plains and fields. All perforin 

 extensive migrations, appearing with great regularity in spring and fall ; most of them breed 

 far northward ; all are more or less gregarious, except when breeding. IMioy run and tly with 

 great rapidity ; the voice is a mellow whistle ; the food is chiefly of an animal nature. The 

 eggs are commonly 4 in number, speckled, very large at one end and pointed at the other, 

 placed with the small ends together in a slight nest or mere depression in the ground. Tiie 

 sexes are generally similar, but changes with age and season are great. 



Analysis of Genera. 

 Toes 4. 



Head with a long flowing crest. Wing over 8.00. Iridescent Vanelliis 



Head not crested. Wing under 8.00. Speckled Squalarola 



Toes 3 



Plumage of upper parts speckled ; no rings or bands of color about bead or neck Charadrius 



Plumage of upper parts not speckled ; rings or bands of color about head or neck. 



Tarsus not nearly twice as long as middle toe without claw ^gialitis 



Tarsus about twice as long as middle toe without claw Podasocys 



VANEL'LUS. (Lat. ranellus or vannellus, diminutive of vannus, a fan ; so named from the 

 way the wings winnow the air.) Lapwings. Bill slender, shorter than head, perfectly plu- 

 vialine. Legs long; tibia much denuded below; tarsus 

 greatly longer than middle toe and claw. A web between 

 bases of middle and outer toes; inner toe deft to base. 

 A small hind toe. Wings very long, folding to end of 

 the long scjuare tail, but rounded; 2d-5th primaries sub- 

 equal and longest, 1st about ('(jual to 7th ; primaries 

 very broad, 3 or 4 outer ones much narrowed toward 

 end; secondaries long and ample. A long thin recurved 

 occipital crest of filamentous feathers. No spurs nor wat- 

 tles. Plumage of upper parts highly lustrous with metal- 

 lic iridescence. 



V. vaiiel'lus. (Figs. 516, 517.) Crested Green 

 Plover. Lapwing. Pewit. Kiebitz. Kiewiet. 

 ViPA. Pavoncella. Peasweep. Horn-pie. Teuch- 

 it. Di.xihjit. Vanneau. Adult ($ : Top and front of 

 head, including the '2-'-i incli long crest, throat-line, and 

 large pectoral area, glossy black. Siilcs of head mostly, 

 and sides of neck, white, on hind neck mixed with gray. 

 Upper and under tail-coverts chestnut or orange-brown. 

 Under ])arts, except as said, snowy-white. Tail white, 

 with t)r(iad bhick bar at ends of feathers excepting outer- T 

 most, tips of all narrowly white. Upper parts iridescent 

 green, passing on wings to vitdet-purple and steel-blue. 

 Quills glossy blue-black, several outer jiriinaries fading to 

 grayish-white on the narrow terminal portion, secondaries 

 white at base. Hill black; feet icil. 9 ^^iniilar; crest 

 shorter. Length l.'J.OO; wing 8.50-!<.(K) ; tail 4.00 : bill 

 1.00; tarsus 2.00. This splendid wanton of the crest in- 

 habits Europe, etc. ; has occurred in Greenland, Alaska, 

 and Long Island (Auk, 1880, p. 438). Few birds are 

 better known than the Lapwing in Euri>pe, where it has many names in different )aii<,'uages, 

 ii few of which are u'iven above. It is V. cnsldtKH {>r vulgnrts of most authors, as of former 



■I'.i 



Fio .in'-. — Under view Skull of L.ip- 

 wing. iVr., The Maxilla. IV)., The Vomer. 

 PI., The Palatine Bone. Pt., Tlie Ptery- 

 goid Bone. Qii., The Quiulratc Bone. 

 (From Seebohm's Chnradriidiv.) 



