922 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS. —LAMELLIROSTRES — ANSERES. 



convex. Bill and feet bright-colored ; head red, as in Pochards, fully crested in $, less so in 9 . 

 One s[)ecies, of Europe, Asia, and Africa. (Included in Fuligula in 2d-4th eds. of the Key.) 

 N. rufi'na. (Lat. rufina, reddish.) Red-crested Pochard. Adult ^•. Conspicuously 

 crested. Bill vermilion, white-tipped; feet orange-red witli dusky webs ; eyes brown. Head 

 and upper neck rusty-red, with a rosy tint. Lower and hind neck, fore back, breast, and 

 middle of belly black. Back grayish-brown, with a large white patch on each side, black- 

 ening on rump and upper tail-coverts. Tail ashy-gray. Primaries whitish, edged and tipped 

 with dusky-gray ; speculum white, very large, formed by the secondaries, which have a dark 

 band near tlieir ends; lining of wings, their anterior border, and a large flank-patch, white. 

 Length 2L00-22.00 ; wing 10.00; bill 2.00 ; tarsus 1.50. 9 : Bill dusky with pink tip, and 

 feet pinkish, with dusky webs. Upper parts generally rufous-brown; under parts brownish- 

 white ; throat and upper fore-neck whitish ; crown and rump darker than other upper parts ; 

 dorsal feathers with pale edges ; quills brown, edged and tipped with darker ; speculum gray, 

 bounded terminally with brown. Europe, etc. One specimen found in Fulton market. New 

 York, Feb. 1872: see Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 21^ 1881, p. 85; Allen, Bull. Nutt. 

 Club, vi, 1881, p. 173 ; Coues, Check-List, 2d ed. 1882, p. 136. {Fuligula rufina Coues, 

 Key, 2d-4th eds. 1884-90, p. 700; Netta rufina Kaup ; A. 0. U. List, No. [145].) 

 FULI'GULA. (Lat. fuligula or fulicula, dim. of fulix or fulica, a ccjot; fuligo, soot.) 

 Black-heads. Scaups. Bill ordinary, without special gibbosity or peculiar outline of 

 feathers at base, where the feathers sweep the sides of the upper mandible with gently conve.x; 

 outline; nail at end distinct, decurved, narrow, less than J as wide as end of bill; frontal 

 feathers extending to approximately equal distances on top and sides of upper mandible, with 

 a well-marked re-entrance between them reaching back to about opposite angle of mouth, 

 those of chin advancing rather farther. Nostrils in basal f of bill. Outline of upper mandible 

 gently concave to the decurved nail : sides nearly parallel, or widening toward end (whole 

 bill much as in ordinary Anatince). Tail short, rounded, less than ^ as long as wing, 14-16- 

 feathered. Tarsus less than § (^-f ) as long as middle toe and claw. Head not crested (in 

 our species). Head and neck black ^ or brown 9 • Sides or back or both finely waved with 

 black and white. Axillaries white. Crissum black. Speculum white or gray. Bill blackish, 

 or black and blue. Legs dark. (As subgenus of Aytliyu in A. 0. U. List.) 



Obs. — The type of the restricted genus Fuligula Steph. 1824, is the crested Scaup of Europe, F. fuligula, or 

 cristata; Fulix Sund. 1836, and Nettarion Bd. 1858, have both the same type, and are strictly synonymous. In modi- 

 fying the generic arrangement of tlie Scaups and Pochards from the 2d^th eds. of the Key, I do so rather in deference 

 to the A. O. U. tlian in accordance witli my own judgment. In 1884 I put them all under Fuligula, with 3 subgenera — 

 equivalent to Fulix, Aythya, and Aristonetta of Baird, and stating that Fuligula in this broad sense seemed to be sepa- 

 rable into three full genera — one for the Red-crested Pochard of Europe, one for the Black-heads and Red-heads to- 

 gether, and one for the Canvas-back alone. I still think that the latter is quite as distinct from the Red-heads proper 

 as these are from the Black-lieads, though it resembles the Pochards more than it does the Scaups in the color of the 

 head; and that therefore our three genera should be : (1) Netta, for the Red-crested Pochard alone ; (2) Fuligula, for 

 the Scaups and ordinary Pochards together, with two subgenera (a) Fuligula for Scaups proper, (b) ^thgia for Pochards 

 proper; and (3) Aristonetta, for the Canvas-back alone. Here, however, I follow the A. O. U. in adopting (1) Netta; 

 (2) Fuligula ; (3) JEthyia. 



Analysis of Species. 



Black-heads : ^ with head, neck, body anteriorly, lower back, rump, tail, and its coverts, black, the head glossy ; 

 below, including lining of wings, white, with fine black waving on sides and lower belly ; bill black and blue, or 

 dusky ; feet dark. 5 with head and neck brown, witli or without white around bill, and other black parts of ^f 

 rather brown. 

 No ring around neck. 



(f Speculum white ; back and sides finely waved in zig-zag with black and whitish ; bill blue, with black 

 nail. $ witli tlie face white. 



Length about 20.00 ; wing 9.00 ; gloss of head green marila 



Length about IG.OO ; wing 8.00 ; gloss of head purple affinis- 



An orange-brown ring round neck of (f . 



Speculum gray ; back nearly uniform blackish ; bill black, pale at base and near end ; $ without collar ; 

 lores and chin whitish, and ring round eye collaris. 



