CICADELLINAE : PART I. PROCONIINI 13 



lineages of taxa. In these exceptions, the base of the aedeagus is con- 

 nected to the connective only by membrane. In such cases, the con- 

 nections to the anal tube are often much stronger than those to the 

 connective, and in some genera (e.g., Anacuerna, new genus) the associa- 

 tion of tne aedeagus with the anal tube is \tvy close. The form of the 

 aedeagus, the presence or absence of aedeagal processes, and their 

 form when present, are useful characters in the present classification. 



Accessory genital structures (paraphyses) are of frequent occurrence 

 in the Cicadellinae. They are believed to have arisen independently 

 and in several ways in a number of genera. Most commonly they occur 

 between the apex of the connective and the base of the aedeagus, 

 without articulations. Usually they are paired, but occasionally they 

 are reduced to a platelike structure which may appear as an extra 

 sclerite bet^veen the connective and aedeagus. They may be very closely 

 associated with the aedeagus basally ; in some genera (e.g., Diestostemma) 

 a species in which they are distinctly separate from the aedeagus may 

 be closely related to a species with similar structures which are def- 

 initely attached to the aedeagus, not merely by micmbrane, and which 

 must be considered aedeagal processes. In a few genera (e.g., Homo- 

 scarta) the paraphyses articulate with the apex of the connective. 



Sclerites may occur in the posterior membrane of the pygofer (con- 

 junctiva IX-X) of the male. These may be connected dorsaily with 

 the normally sclerotized portion of the pygofer in some genera, sug- 

 gesting such a mode of origin, but in others they are completely 

 separate sclerites. In some genera they may give off elongate processes 

 which resemble paraphyses in other genera. 



The anal tube rarely possesses processes, but they do occur in some 

 genera (e.g., Acrogonia). 



The shape of the posterior margin of abdominal sternum VII of 

 the female is also a useful character. 



Technique 



The technique used for the preparation, study, and preservation of 

 the male genitalia has been described by Om.an (1949a:21), and some 

 modifications, by Young and Beirne (1958a: 2). It is important to 

 reemphasize that the small vials in which the genitalia are stored 

 frequendy get shaken up during shipment, with the result that the 

 glycerine comes in contact with the cork. If this has happened, it 

 is an important curatorial responsibility to transfer the preparations 

 to clean vials in a few drops of glycerine and to replace the corks. 



