VIII INTRODUCTION. 



The follo^Yin^ luivo contributed photooi-aphs: American Museum 

 of Natural History, R. M, Anderson, Bij-d-Lore, W. S. Brooks, E, S. 

 Cameron, The Condor, W. L. Dawson, D. R. Dickey. W. E. Ekblaw, 

 W. L. Finley, Francis Harper. H. K. Job, Lynds Jones, F. E. Klein- 

 schmidt, D.B. MacMiUan, C. F. Stone. J. E. Thayer, C. H. Towns- 

 end, and Alex. Walker. All such photographs which have been used 

 have been marked with the name of the photographer. 



In the study of molts and plumages free access has been given to 

 the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, the Bio- 

 logical Survey, the California Academy of Sciences, the Museum of 

 Comparative Zoolog}', the United States National Museum, the Uni- 

 versity of California, and the private collections of Louis B. Bishop. 

 William Brewster. Jonathan Dwight. and John E. Thayer. Speci- 

 mens for study liaAe also been loaned by Louis B. Bishop, William 

 L. Finley, the Geological Survey of Canada, F. Seymour Hersey, 

 Lawrence M. Huey, and P. A. Taverner. The conclusions arrived 

 at regarding molts and plumages are based on a careful study of all 

 this material, but even that great mass of material proved lament- 

 ably insufficient in many cases to arrive at entirely satisfactory con- 

 clusions. 



Mr. Charles E. Doe has kindly loaned us an egg of the w'hiskered 

 anklet, and Col. John E. Thayer an Q^rrr of the Kittlitz's murrelet for 

 use in making the illustrations. 



We are also indebted to the officials of the following institutions 

 for a mass of data, taken from specimens in their collections, which 

 has been useful in w^orking out distributions and migrations: Bio- 

 logical Survey, California Academy of Sciences. Carnegie Museum, 

 Colorado Museum of Natural History, Geological Survey of Canada, 

 United States National Museum, and University of California. 



With the consent of the American Museum of Natural Historf and 

 Mr. Donald B. MacMillan, Mr. W. Elmer Ekblaw has sent us a full 

 report of the ornithological results of the Crocker Land expedition. 

 This generous contribution has enabled us to publish much new and 

 interesting information regarding arctic bird life in advance of their 

 own plans for future publication. For this exceptional courtesy my 

 readers and I are very grateful. P^irthermore, the American Mu- 

 seum of Natural History has kindly placed at our disposal the entire 

 collection of bird photographs made b}^ members of this expedition, 

 from which we have selected what we wanted to use. I am therefore 

 indebted to them for the use of all photographs taken by Mr. Mac- 

 Millan and Mr. Ekblaw. 



Much of the merit in the work is due to the untiring efforts of 

 the author's valued assistant, Mr, F. Seymour Hersey, who has spent 

 many months in the field, often in remote localities, gathering speci- 

 mens, photographs, and notes for use in this work. The distribu- 



