44 BULLETIN 113, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



ain (Shetland and Orkney Islands, Hebrides, coast of Ireland and 

 England, except southern parts) ; Spitzbergen, probably Franz Josef 

 Land, Nova Zembla and coast of western Siberia (said by Koren to 

 range east to Chaun Bay, northern Siberia. South to northwestern 

 France. 



Breeding grounds protected in tlie Canadian reservations on Bird 

 Rock, Bonaventure Island, and Perce Rock. 



Winter range. — Offshore from Gulf of St. Lawrence (Prince Ed- 

 ward Island), Nova Scotia (Halifax), New Brunswick (Grand 

 Manan), and coast of Maine; occasionally on the Great Lakes; south 

 to New Jersey and the Bermudas, and even farther south (latitude 

 25° 57' N., east of Miami). In Europe winters from the coasts of 

 Great Britain south to the Mediterranean and Caspian Seas, the 

 Canary Islands, and Azores. 



Spring migration. — Return from ocean wandering to its breeding 

 grounds. Early dates of arrival : Prince Edward Island, March 15 

 (average March 26) ; Quebec, Godbout. March 25 (average April 6) ; 

 Greenland, Ivigtuk, March 26; Dover Strait, May 20; and Cape 

 York, June 10. Late dates of departure: Bermuda, April 4; New 

 York, Orleans County, April 10; Connecticut, New Haven, April 13. 



Fall migration. — Offshore and southward. Early dates of arrival : 

 Massachusetts, October 2 (average November 6) ; Long Island, Octo- 

 ber 13; Pennsylvania, Erie, October 17. Late dates of departure: 

 Northeastern Greenland, latitude 75° 20', August 1; Ellesmere Land, 

 Lincoln Bay, September 1 ; Wellington Channel, September 2 ; Fro- 

 bischer Bay, September 2; Cumberland Gulf, September 19; New- 

 foundland, October 17. 



Casual records. — AVanders occasionally to various points in the 

 interior; to the Great Lakes frequently, as far west as Michigan 

 (Neebish Island, fall 1893-94) and Wisconsin (Racine, March 17, 

 1884) ; up the Mackenzie Valley (Fort Resolution, May 23, 1860) : 

 west in the interior to Wyoming (Douglas, November 18, 1898). 



Egg dates. — Great Britain: Thirty-one records, April 6 to Juive 

 27; sixteen records, June 4 to 12. Newfoundland: Ten records. May 

 30 to July 1 ; five records, June 14 to 20. Gulf of St. Lawrence : Ten 

 records, June 10 to 26 ; five records, June 13 to 25. 



RISSA TRIDACTYLA POLLICARIS Ridgway. 

 PACIFIC KITTIWAKE. 



HABITS. 



The Pacific form of the well-lmown kittiwake differs from its 

 eastern relative in having a larger hind toe and more extensive black 

 tips on the primaries, but its habits are practically the same and its 

 life history is similar. The two subspecies together occupy a wide 



