FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 179 



to 2%; caudal 1% to 1^2, rounded behind; least depth of caudal 

 peduncle 2)4. to 2%) pectoral 2 to 2%; ventral 1% to \%. 



Back brown, lower sides and under surface pale to whitish, with 

 silvery white sheen. Lower side of head silvery white. Iris brown. 

 Vertical fins all brown, paired fins paler. 



Oman, India, Burma, East Indies, Philippines, China, Japan, 

 North Australia. 



7209, 7210. Aparri market. November 19, 1908. Both 610 mm. 

 1427. Macassar. December 26, 1909. Length 455 mm. 



Genus PSAMMOPERCA Richardson 



Psammoperca Richardson, Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, Ichth., 1846, p. 115. 



Type P 'sammoperca datnioides Richardson = Labrax waigiensis Cuvier, 



monotypic. 

 Cniodon Muller and Troschel, Horae Ichth., vol. 3, 1S49, p. 21. Type 



Cniodon chinensis Muller and Troschel, monotypic. 

 Hypopterus Gill, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 1861, p. 50. Type 



Psammoperca macroptera Gunther, monotypic. 



Body compressed. Mouth rather large, protractile. Maxillary 

 exposed, with supplemental bone. Small, crowded, granular teeth in 

 jaws and on vomer, palatines and ectopterygoids. Tongue with 

 small patch of teeth posteriorly. Preopercle with hind edge 

 serrated, strong spine at angle and lower edge entire. Opercle 

 ends in spine. Gill membranes separate. Pseudobranchiae very 

 small or absent. Gill rakers long. Branchiostegals 7. Vertebrae 

 25, of which 14 caudal. Scales moderate, denticulated. Head 

 scaly. Dorsals and anals move in scaly sheath, soft fins covered 

 with scales. Lateral line complete, extends nearly to end of caudal 

 fin; tubes strait and confined to basal half of exposed part of scale. 

 Dorsal with 7 spines, soft fin with spine and 12 to 15 rays, spinous 

 fin shorter than soft fin. Anal with 3 spines and 9 to 13 rays. 

 Caudal rounded. Pectoral rays 16, subsymmetrical, rounded. Ven- 

 tral with strong spine and scaly pointed flap at base, below pectoral 

 base, fins close together. 



Bengal Bay to China Sea and North Australia. 



PSAMMOPERCA WAIGIENSIS (Cuvier) 



Labrax waigiensis Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 83. Waigiu. — 

 Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, pt. 1, 1830, p. 237 (Offack Bay, 

 Waigiu). 



Psammoperca waigiensis Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 69 

 (Australia, Victoria, China). — Kner, Reise Novara, Zool., vol, 1, pt. 5, 

 1865, p. 13 (Hong Kong and Manila). — Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 

 London, ser. 4, vol. 10, 1872, p. 426 (Australia, Victoria, New South 

 Wales, Torres Straits, Manila, China). — Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. 

 Neerland., vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 108, pi. (28) 306, fig. 2 (Singapore, Bintang, 

 Banka, Java, Madura, Borneo, Celebes, Waigiu, Manila). — Klunzinger, 



