FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 265 



Island).— Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 498 (Okinawa).— 



Jordan and Metz, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 6, No. 1, 1913, p. 32 



(Fusan, Korea). — Izuka and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., 



1920, p. 153 (Tokyo). — Jordan and Hubbs, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 



10, No. 2, 1925, p. 236 (Toba). 

 Epinephelus retouti Bleeker, Verslag. Meded. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser 



2, vol. 2, 1868, p. 339. Borbonia; Fauna Madagascar, Pollen, 1874, p. 



21, pi. 12, fig. 1 (Borbonia). — Sauvage, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 



1891, p. 69, pi. 8, fig. 2. 

 Serranus retouti Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 43 



(Mauritius). 

 fSerranus tigrinus (not Bloch) Gorgoza, Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 



Madrid, vol. 17, 1888, p. 282 (Zum.jirraga, Samar). 

 Epinephelus zapyrus Seale, Occas. Papers Bishop Mus., vol. 4, No. 1, 



1906, p. 36, fig. 11. Tubuai, Cook Islands. 



Depth 2% to 3M; head 2]i to 2%, width 2}/ b to 2%. Snout 4^ 

 to 4*^ in head from snout tip; eye 33^ to 5, l 1 ^ in snout with age 

 but greater than snout in young, greater than interorbital at all ages; 

 maxillary reaches three-quarters in eye or to its hind edge, expansion 

 \% to 2 in eye, length 2% to 2% in head from snout tip; teeth in 

 villiform bands in jaws, at least anteriorly, with some inner front ones 

 elongated and hinged; outer upper teeth slightly larger than inner 

 and front pair of wide set canines; lower pair of closer front canines 

 and teeth becoming triserial laterally with innermost row longest; 

 bands of villiform teeth on each palatine and vomer, none on tongue; 

 interorbital 10 to 11, little convex; preopercle edge with low serrae, 

 those at angle most developed; opercular spines 3, lower little closer 

 to median than latter to upper, which most advanced. Gill rakers 

 6+ 14, lanceolate though robust, slightly longer than gill filaments or 

 2% in eye; five above and six below rudimentary. 



Scales 95 to 115 in lateral line to caudal base and 10 to 12 more 

 on latter; tubes 45 to 80 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 

 more on latter; 13 to 15 scales above lateral line, 26 to 28 below, 70 

 to 74 predorsal, 43 to 45 obliquely across cheek from eye to pre- 

 opercle angle; fins all with minute scales over greater basal portions; 

 only upper fourth of maxillary scaled, with 8 transverse series of 

 small scales. Scales with 4 to 7 basal radiating striae; 37 to 43 

 apical denticles, with 4 to 6 transverse series of basal elements, all 

 denticles obsolete in young; circuli fine. 



D. XI, 16, 1, third spine 2% to 33^ in total head length, second 

 ray 2}/ b to 3; A. Ill, 8, 1, second spine 2% to Z%, third ray 2]/ s to 2%; 

 caudal 1% to 1%, truncate, rounded convexly as expanded; least depth 

 of caudal peduncle 3% to 4; pectoral 1% to \%) ventral 2 to 2%. 



Light to dull brown in alcohol, usually with 6 or 7 transverse 

 darker bands, wider than interspaces, though often obscure. Iris 

 pale brown. Fins usually pale, like general body color. Spinous 

 dorsal always with black spot on membrane terminally behind each 

 spine tip. 



