278 BULLETIN 10 0, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



1889, p. 453.— Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907, p. 257 



(Padang material). 

 Epinephelus dermochirus Fowler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 



2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 524 (Padang). 

 Serranus hoevenii Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. (Perc), vol. 22, 1849, 



p. 36. Batavia. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 138 



(Amboina). — Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 9, pi. 2, fig. 3 



(Zanzibar and Mombasa). — Gunther, Cruise of Curagoa, Brenchley, 1873, 



p. 410 (Misol, Moluccas). — Day, Fauna Brit. India, vol. 1, 1889, p. 449. — 



Jatzow and Lenz, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., vol. 21, 1889, p. 498 



(Zanzibar; Majunga, West Madagascar). — Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 



London, 1892, p. 134 (Muscat). — Weber, Semon's Zool. Forsch. Reis. 



Austral., vol. 5, 1895, p. 262 (Amboina). 

 Epinephelus hoevenii Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. N6erland., vol. 7, 1873-76, 



p. 63, pi. (4) 282, fig. 1, pi. (8) 286, fig. 3, pi. (12) 290, fig. 4 (Sumatra, Nias, 



Java, Borneo, Bawean, Timor, Sangi, Ternate, Buru, Ceram, Amboina, 



Goram). 

 Serranus kunhardtii Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indie, vol. 2, 1851, p. 



169. Padang, west Sumatra. 

 Serranus tumilabris (not Valenciennes) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, 



p. 16, pi. 3, fig. 3. 

 Serranus diacanthus (not Valenciennes) Steindachner and Doderlein, 



Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 47, 1883, p. 231 (Tokyo, Nagasaki, Hong 



Kong). 

 Serranus outalibi (not Valenciennes) Kent, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, pp. 



281, 369 (Queensland). 



Depth 3}/ 8 to 3M; head 2\i to 2%, width 2% to 3. Snout 4% to 5 

 in head from snout tip; eye 5)4 to 6J4> ^Yh to 1% in snout, greater 

 than interorbital; maxillary reaches % to or till opposite hind eye edge, 

 expansion 1)4 to 1^ in eye, length 2% to 2)^ in head from snout tip; 

 teeth in broad villiform bands in jaws, on vomer and palatines, in 

 mandible about 10 irregular rows which finally narrow to single row 

 posteriorly; no canines; hind nostril greatly larger than front one, 

 especially with age, when its diameter sometimes % of pupil; inter- 

 orbital 8 to 9, nearly level or slightly convex; hind preopercle edge 

 with extremely minute serrae, obsolete with age; opercular spines 3, 

 lower closer to median, uppermost most advanced. Gill rakers 10+17, 

 lanceolate, equal gill filaments or 2)4 in eye. 



Scales 98 to 102 in lateral line to caudal base and 12 to 15 more 

 on latter; tubes 51 to 65 in lateral line to caudal base and 2 or 3 

 more on latter; 17 or 18 scales above lateral line, 22 below, 85 to 100 

 predorsal forward to snout end, 31 or 32 rows of scales obliquely over 

 cheek from lower hind eye edge to preopercle angle; many of large 

 scales with numerous minute basal auxiliary scales, often appearing 

 imbedded ; fins finely scaled over greater basal portions ; maxillary usu- 

 ally naked, sometimes with small patch of small scales terminally 

 above. Scales with 6 to 11 basal radiating striae; 28 to 38 apical 

 denticles, with 7 or 8 transverse series, pressed together, only apparent 

 with age; circuli moderately fine. 



