LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN WILD FOWL. 121 



southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), northern Saskatchewan 

 (58°N) , central Manitoba (Lake Winnipegosis) , and probably sparingly 

 in the interior of Ontario and Quebec. Has bred in Louisiana (Marsh 

 Island), Oklahoma (Fort Reno), and Texas (San Antonio). Birds 

 which breed south of United States arc probably subspecifically dis- 

 tinct. 



Winter range. — Southern North America and northern South Amer- 

 ica. East to the Atlantic coast of the United States from Maryland 

 southward, the Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles and the 

 coasts of Venezuela, French Guiana, and Brazil. South to central 

 Chile (Ovalle). West to the Pacific coasts of Chile, Peru, Ecuador, 

 Colombia, Central America, Mexico, and the United States. North 

 irregularly to southern California (Santa Barbara and Los Angeles 

 Counties), southern Illinois and Indiana, and eastern Maryland; but 

 not common in winter north of Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, and South 

 Carolina. 



Spring migration. — Early dates of arrival: North Carolina, Raleigh, 

 March 23; Pennsylvania, Erie, March 27; Massachusetts, Templeton, 

 April 1; Prince Edward Island, April 20; Iowa, central, March 18; 

 Minnesota, Heron Lake, April 7; North Dakota, central, April 12; 

 Manitoba, Aweme, April 27; Alberta, Edmonton, May 1. Late dates 

 of departure: Panama, February 7; Texas, San iVntonio, May 14; 

 Louisiana, New Orleans, May 21; Cahfornia, Santa Barbara, May 7; 

 Florida, Gainesville, April 29; North Carohna, Raleigh, May 6; Mary- 

 land, Baltimore, May 7. 



Fall migration. — Early dates of arrival: Nova Scotia, Sable Island, 

 August 19; Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, August 24; Virginia, Alex- 

 andria, August 18; Florida, Wakulla County, September 2; Alabama, 

 Alabama River, September 20; California, Santa Barbara, August 

 25; Panama, October 14. Average dates of arrival: Virginia, Alex- 

 andria, August 31; Kansas, central, September 12: Mississippi, 

 southern, September 16. Late date of departure: Nova Scotia, Sable 

 Island, November 1; Prince Edward Island, October 8; Maine, Lew- 

 iston, November 7; New Jersey, Cape May, December 5; North 

 Carolina, Raleigh, December 7; Ontario, Ottawa, October 27; Mani- 

 toba, Aweme, October 30; Illinois, Chicago, October 22; Iowa, south- 

 ern, November 4; Missouri, central, November 13. 



Casual records. — Occasional in Bermuda (October 22, 1854, April 

 30, 1875, etc.). Accidental in the British Isles (Dumfriesshire, 1858, 

 Cheshire, about 1860, Anglesey, 1919, and County Cork, September, 

 1910) and in Denmark. 



Egg dates. — Colorado and Utah: Twenty records. May 10 to July 

 21: ten records. May 31 to June 24. Manitol)a and Saskatchewan: 

 Nineteen records, June 4 to July 26; ten records, June 17 to July 4. 

 Minnesota and North Dakota: Thirty-three records, May 8 to July 

 23; seventeen records. May 31 to June 13. 



