LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMI'^RICAN" WILD FOWL. 143 



or quite to the Arctic Circle; and from Great Britain east to Kam- 

 chatka and the Commander Islands. 



Winter range. — Milder portions of both hemispheres. In America 

 east to the Atlantic coast of southern United States, the Greater 

 (Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico) and the Lesser Antilles (St. Thomas, 

 Barbados, Trinidad, etc.). South to northern South America (Colom- 

 bia). AY est to the Pacific coast of Central America, Mexico, and 

 United States. North to coast of southern British Columbia (Van- 

 couver and Puget Sound region) ; in the interior north to central 

 California (Fresno), Arizona, New Mexico, eastern Texas (Galveston), 

 the lower Mississippi Valley, rarely to southern Illinois ''Cairo and 

 Mount Carmel), and the coast of Virginia (Cobb Island); has oc- 

 curred in winter at Lanesboro, Minnesota, and Atlantic City, New 

 Jersey, but is not common north of South Carolina. Winters in 

 Hawaiian Islands. In the Eastern Hemisphere winters south to the 

 Canary Islands, Senegambia, Somahland, Arabia, India, Ceylon, 

 Borneo, southern China, Formosa, the Philippine Islands, and 

 Australia. 



Spring migration. ^JLarlj dates of arrival: Alberta, Edmonton, 

 May 1; Mackenzie, Fort Chipewyan, May 7, and Fort Resolution, 

 May 18. Average dates of arrival: Illinois, central, March 23; Iowa, 

 central, March 23; Minnesota, Heron Lake, March 26; North Dakota, 

 central, A. pril 13; Manitoba, southern, April 2L Late dates of de- 

 parture: Lower California, Colnctt, April 8; Rhode Island, Point 

 Judith, April 29. 



Fall migration. — Early dates of arrival: Ontario, Beamsville, 

 September 19; Rhode Island, Point Judith, September 2-4; Pennsyl- 

 vania, Erie, September 6; Lower California, southern, October 18; 

 Panama, October 16. Late dates of departure: Ontario, Rockland, 

 November 2; New York, Branchport, November 12; Rhode Island, 

 Point Judith, November 7 



Casual records.— Accklental in Bermuda (December, 1844) and 

 Labrador (Cartwright, September, 1901). Rare on migrations as 

 far east as Maine. 



Egg dates. — Minnesota and North Dakota: Forty records. May 9 

 to July 3; twenty records. Ma}"" 31 to June 17. Manitoba and Sas- 

 katchewan: Eighteen records, June 1 to July 5; nine records, June 

 5 to 11. California and Utah: Eighteen records, March 28 to July 

 11; nine records, May 3 to 21. 



