LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN WILD FOWL. 155 



in Wisconsin), central Iowa (Hamilton and Sac Counties), central 

 western Nebraska (Garden and Morrill Counties), northern Colorado 

 (Larimer County and Barr Lake region) , northern Utah (Bear River 

 marshes), and southern California (Riverside County). West to the 

 central valleys of Cahfornia (Los Angeles, Kern, Merced, Sutter, and 

 Butte Counties), central Oregon (Klamath and Malheur Lakes), west- 

 ern Washington (Pierce County) , central British Columbia (Cariboo), 

 an<i the Bering Sea coast of Alaska. North to the Arctic coast of 

 Alaska (Point Barrow), northern Mackenzie (Fort Anderson), and 

 the Arctic coast west of Hudson Bay. Replaced in northern Europe 

 and Asia by a closely allied subspecies. 



Winter range. — East to the Atlantic coast of the United States, the 

 Bahamas, Cuba, and Porto Rico, and rarely to the Lesser Antilles 

 (Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Antigua) . South to Jamaica and Pan- 

 ama. West to the Pacific coast of Central America, Mexico, and the 

 United States. North along the Pacific slope to southern British 

 Columbia (Chilliwack and Okanagan Lake) ; in the interior north to 

 northeastern Colorado (Barr Lake), Oklahoma, central Missouri (Mis- 

 souri River), southern Illinois (Mount Carmel) , southern Ohio (Ohio 

 River), Maryland (Chesapeake Bay), and eastern Virginia (Cobb Is- 

 land) . Said to winter regularly in southern Wisconsin and casually 

 as far north as southeastern Nebrnska (Lincoln) and southeastern 

 Maine (Calais). Winters in Hawaiian Islands. 



Spring migration. — Early dates of arrival: Pennsylvania, Erie, 

 February 23; New York, northwestern, February 25: Newfoundland, 

 Grand Lake, April 20; Ilhnois, Chicago, March 12; North Dakota, 

 Larimore, March 20; Manitoba, Raeburn, April 5; Mackenzie, Fort 

 Simpson, April 28; Alaska, Kowak River, May 14; and Demarcation 

 Point, May 24. Average dates of arrival: Illinois, southern, Feb- 

 ruary 26; Missouri, central, February 26; Iowa, Keokuk, February 18; 

 Illinois, Chicago, March 20; Minnesota, southern, March 9; Minne- 

 sota, northern, A])ril 8: North Dakota, Larimore, April 3; Saskat- 

 chewan. Qu' Appelle, April 10; Manitoba, Raeburn, April 8; Mac- 

 kenzie, (rrcat Slave Lake, May 1; Alaska, St. Michael, about May 1. 



Fall migration. — Early dates of arrival : Quebec, Montreal, Septem- 

 ber 3; Long Island, Mastic, August 21; Massachusetts, eastern, 

 September 11; Pennsylvania, Erie, September 6; Virginia, Alexan- 

 dria, September 13; Florida, Wakulla County, September 11; Texas, 

 Corpus Christi, August 18; California, Santa Barbara, August 25; 

 Lower California, southern, August 29. Late dates of departure: 

 Alaska, Point BarroAv, September 7; Kowak ]viver, September 14; 

 and St. Michael, October 10; Mackenzie, Fort Franklin, vSeptember 

 27; Long Island, East Rockaway, December 24. 



Casual records. — ^Has occurred in Porto Rico (Cartagena Lagoon, 

 April 8, 1921), Bermuda (Avinter 1847-48 and October 26, 1875), 



