LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN WILD FOWL. 223 



to them to find such a wild fowl paradise after running the gauntlet 

 of shooting grounds and sportsmen's clubs. 



DISTRIBUTION. 



Breeding range. — Northern interior of North America. East to 

 the west coast of Hudson Bay (Churchill) and southeastern Ontario 

 (Lake Temiskaming) . South to northern Ohio (Lake, Lorain, and 

 Sandusky Counties) , southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong) , south- 

 eastern Iowa (Keokuk) , possibly northern Nebraska (Cherry County), 

 and northeastern Colorado (Barr Lake, few). West to north- 

 western Montana (Teton County) , central British Columbia (Ques- 

 nelle Lake and Lac la Hache), and the coast of southern Alaska 

 (Glacier Bay). Has bred casually near San Francisco, Cahfornia. 

 North to central Alaska (Yukon River) and the northern hmit of 

 timber in northern Canada (Mackenzie and Anderson River regions) . 

 Breeding records east of Hudson Bay probably refer to marila, and 

 perhaps some of the northern records do. 



Winter range. — Southern North and Central America. East to the 

 Atlantic coast of United States, the Bahamas, and the Lesser Antilles 

 (St. Thomas, St. Lucia, Trinidad, etc.). South to Panama. West 

 to the Pacific coast of Central America and United States. North 

 to southern British Columbia (Vancouver and Okanogan Lake), 

 southeastern Arizona (San Pedro River), northeastern Colorado (Barr 

 Lake), northeastern Arkansas (Big Lake), southern Illinois, and 

 eastern Maryland (Chesapeake Bay) ; rarely as far north as Long 

 Island and Massachusetts (Boston). 



Spring migration. — Early dates of arrival : Iowa, Keokuk, February 

 21; Minnesota, Heron Lake, March 5; Michigan, southern, March 11; 

 Alberta, Stony Plain, April 19; Mackenzie, Fort Simpson, May 24. 

 Average dates of arrival : Colorado, Loveland, March 12; Iowa, cen- 

 tral, March 21; Minnesota, Heron Lake, March 22; Ohio, Oberlin, 

 March 24; New York, Cayuga Lake, April 1 ; Illinois, Chicago, April 6; 

 Ontario, Ottawa, April 26; Manitoba, Raeburn, April 9. Late 

 dates of departure : Panama, March 25; Lower California, San Martin, 

 April 2.3: Porto Rico, Culebra Island, April 21; Florida, Wakulla 

 County, May 23; New York, Cayuga Lake, June 24. 



Fall migration. — Early dates of arrival: Ontario, Ottawa, October 

 12; New York, Cayuga Lake, October 1; Virginia, Alexandria, Sep- 

 tember 25; Florida, Wakulla County, October 18; Panama, November 

 25. Average dates of departure: Ontario, Ottawa, November 11; 

 New York, Cayuga Lake, November 15; Manitoba, southern, No- 

 vember 18; Minnesota, southern, November 13; Iowa, Keokuk, De- 

 cember 2. Late dates of departure: Quebec, Montreal, November 12; 

 Ontario, Ottawa, November 21 : Illinois, Chicago, December 22. 



