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BULLETIN 118, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



twelve tribes, according to it are as follows: Garnet, Levi; diamond, 

 Zebulon; amethyst, Gad; jasper, Benjamin; chrysolite, Simeon; 

 sapphire, Issachar; agate, Naphthali; onyx, Joseph; sard, Reuben; 

 emerald, Judah; topaz, Dan; beryl, Asher. 



The second list is that given in the description of the ornaments 

 of the Prince of Tyre (Ezekiel xxviii, 13) : 



1. Odem. 



4. Tarshish. 

 7. Sappir. 



2. Pitdah. 

 5. Shoham. 

 8. Nofek. 



3. Yahalom. 

 6. Yashpeh. 

 9. Bareketh. 



The third list is that given in the description of the Heavenly City 

 (Revelations xxi, 19, 20). As in the preceding list, the word used 

 in the original, or Greek, is followed by the rendering given by most 

 authorities, that of the Revised Version in parentheses : 



In addition to the gems enumerated in these lists, there is men- 

 tioned the diamond by the Hebrew name of shamir (Jeremiah xvii, 

 1; Ezekiel iii, 9; Zechariah vii, 12); amber, Hebrew Hashmal (mar- 

 gin of Revised Version gives electrum) (Ezekiel i, 4) ; and crystal 

 (quartz), Hebrew qerdh and gabish (Ezekiel i, 22; Job xxviii, 18; 

 Revelation iv, 6). 



The complete list of gems mentioned being as follows: 



Agate, Hebrew shebo. — One of the stones in the breastplate of judgment. (Exodus 

 xxviii, 19.) 



Amber, Hebrew hashmal. — Ezekiel i, 4. Some render the Hebrew leshem as 

 amber, thus making it one of the gems in the breastplate. (Exodus xxvii, 19.) 



Amethyst, Hebrew ahlamah. — One of the stones in the breastplate. (Exodus xxviii, 

 19). In Revelation xxi, 20, it is mentioned as garnishing the twelfth foundation of 

 the heavenly Jerusalem. 



Beryl, Hebrew shoham. — One of the stones in the breastplate. (Exodus xxviii, 20.) 

 Mentioned as one of the ornaments of the King of Tyre. (Ezekiel xxviii, 13.) In 

 Revelation it is spoken of as adorning the eighth foundation of the Holy City. 



Carbuncle, Hebrew nofek. — One of the stones in the breastplate. (Exodus xxviii, 

 18; see also Ezekiel xxviii, 13). The word nofek has been rendered ruby. 



Cornelian, perhaps the Hebrew odem of the breastplate (Exodus xxviii, 17), and 

 the sardius in Revelation xxi, 20. In Revelation iv, 3, of the Revised Version, is 

 the rendering sardius. In the Authorized Version the reading is: ''And he that sat 

 was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone." In the Vulgate: "Et qui sedebat 

 similis erat aspcctui lapidis jaspidis et sardinis." The Textus receptus (Greek) is: 

 Kal 6 Kaflrinevos rjv o/iolos opaaei Xidw iaSiriSi] ko.L aapdiinw. All other editions have for 



