NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 



53 



din, 1845; Heterakis papulosa Railliet, 1885, misdet., not Ascaris 

 papillosa Bloch, 1782 (=Heterakis monticelliana Stossich, 1892) 

 from bustard. 



Hosts. — Anas boschas domes tica, A. tadorna, Anser anser, A. 

 cinereus domesticus, Bonasa sylvestris, Geriomis satyra, Ghenopsis 

 atrata, Ghrysolophus pictus, Golinus virginianus, Gorvus cajanus, 

 Goturnix communis, G. dactylisonans, Gupidonia cupido, Gallus 

 gallus, Grossiptodon manscliuricum, Lagopus mutus, L. scoticus, 

 Meleagris gallopavo, Numida meleagns, Ortyx virginianus, Otis 

 tarda, O. tetrax, Pavo cristatus, Perdix cinerea, P. cotumix, P. 

 perdix, P. saxatilis, Phasianus colcliicus, P. gallus, P. nycthemerus, 

 P. pictus, P. veneratus, P. versicolor, Tadorna tadorna, Tetrao 

 bonasia, T. lagopus, T. urogallus. 



The specimens from Otis tarda are probably Heterakis papillosa 

 (Bloch, 1782). 



Figs. 6o-67. 



-Heterakis galmnae. 65, Male tail, lateral view ; 66, ventral 

 view ; g7, female tail. after l.ane, 1917 



Location. — In cecum, usually; in small intestine, colon and rectum, 

 rarely. 



Morphology. — Heterakis (p. 50) : Small, rigid, white worms, the 

 head end bent dorsally from the region of the esophageal bulb. 

 Mouth with 3 small, equal lips without teeth and each with 2 papillae, 

 according to Lane. Two narrow lateral membranes extend almost 

 the entire length of the body. Esophagus with 6 longitudinal rows 

 of transversely placed chitinous rods and with a well-developed bulb. 



Male 7 to 13 mm. long. The straight tail (figs. 65 and 66) termi- 

 nates in a subulate point and has 2 large lateral bursal wings. Cloa- 

 cal aperture 450/x from caudal extremity. There are 12 pairs of 

 papillae and a well-developed preanal sucker 60 to 75//. in diameter 

 with strongly chitinized w r alls (figs. 66 and 78) ; there is a small 

 semicircular incision in the posterior margin of the wall of the 

 sucker. Four pairs of papillae are between the cloacal aperture and 

 the end of the tail, 4 pairs of ray-like papillae and 2 pairs of sessile 

 papillae are in the vicinity of the cloacal aperture, and 2 pairs of 

 ray-like papillae are in the vicinity of the sucker. The spicules are 



