NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 135 



Life history. — UnknoAvn: probably similar to that of Ascaridia 

 (j alii (p. 82). 



Distribution. — Europe (Germany (Berlin Zoological Garden) ). 



Family ASCARIDAE Baird, 1853 



Family diagnosis. — Ascaroidea (p. 48) : Polymyarian. Mouth with 

 Si prominent lips supplied with papillae, the dorsal lip being median 

 and the 2 others submedian and approximated in the ventral line, 

 or with 3 main lips and 3 relatively prominent or inconspicuous inter- 

 mediate lips (interlabia). Male usually with two spicules. Caudal 

 extremity of female terminates conically and fairly abruptly. 



Type-genus. — Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758. 



Subfamily Anisakinae Railliet and Henry, 1912 



Subfamily diagnosis. — Ascaridae (p. 135) : Cuticle with cross stria- 

 tions but without cuticular spines or other raised structures. 

 Esophagus may or may not be divided into anterior muscular por- 

 tion and posterior ventriculus. Anteriorly directed cecum often 

 present, springing from intestine and lying alongside of esophagus. 

 A posteriorly directed solid glandular esophageal appendix may also 

 be present. Interlabia present or absent. Dentigerous ridges on 

 lips present or absent. 



Parasitic in alimentary canal of mammals, birds, reptiles, and 

 fishes, the hosts usually being aquatic or at least fish-eating. Inter- 

 mediate hosts, such as a fish, probably necessary in some if not all 

 cases. 



Type-genus. — Anisakis Dujardin, 1845. 



This diagnosis is the diagnosis of Railliet and Henry as emended 

 by Baylis, 1920, to include part of the Heterocheilinae of the former 

 authors. 



KEY TO CEN'KRA OF ANISAKINAE 



Intestinal cecum and esophageal appendix both present Contracaecum, p. 146. 



Intestinal cecum present; esophageal appendix absent Porrocaecura, p. 135- 



Genus PORROCAECUM Railliet and Henry, 1912 



Sy7i&nym. — Terranova Leiper and Atkinson, 1914. 



Generic diagnosis. — Anasakinae (p. 135) : Esophagus with anterior 

 muscular portion and posterior ventriculus of oblong shape, the 

 latter short in the genotype but in other species frequently long and 

 bent at an angle so as to open into the intestine laterally. Intesti- 

 nal cecum present. Esophageal appendix absent. Interlabia pres- 

 ent, usually small. Dentigerous ridges usually present. 



Parasitic in intestine of birds, marine mammals, and fishes. 



