NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 203 



lows. Male with caudal extremity rolled in spiral, alate, provided 

 with 4 pairs of preanal papillae and 2 pairs of postanal papillae. 

 Spicules very unequal. Female with vulva situated far anterior, at 

 about the anterior 1/20 of body. Eggs cylindrical, thick-shelled, 

 embryonated at time oviposited. 



Parasitic in carnivores, principally in the esophagus and stomach. 



Type-species. — Spirocerca sanguinolenta (Rudolphi, 1819) Seurat, 

 1913. 



SPIROCERCA SANGUINOLENTA (Rudolphi, 1819) Seurat. 1913 



Synonym. — Spiroptera sanguinolenta Rudolphi, 1819. 



Third stage larvae reported by Seurat (19165) as encysted in the 

 walls of digestive tract and in the mesenteries of the following birds 

 as accidental hosts: Athene noctua glaux, Corvus corax tingitanus, 

 Gallus gallus, Lanius excubitor dodsoni, Passer domestica tingitanw, 

 Upupa epops. 



Subfamily Gongyloneminae Hall, 1916 



Subfamily diagnosis. — Spiruridae (p. 163) : Body long and filiform, 

 the anterior cervical portion ornamented with cuticular bosses. In 

 the median lines, immediately behind the mouth, are 2 semilunar 

 depressions simulating suckers. The vulva is situated a short dis- 

 tance anterior to the anus. 



Type genus. — Gongylonema Molin, 1857. 



Genus GONGYLONEMA Molin, 1857 



Synonyms. — Filaria Mueller, 1787, part; Spiroptera Rudolphi, 

 1819, part; Myzomimus Stiles, 1892. 



Generic diagnosis. — Gongyloneminae (p. 203) : Body filiform, 

 slightly attenuated toward the extremities. Cuticula transversely 

 striated. Mouth small, elongated dorso-ventrally, and surrounded 

 by 6 small papillae. The anterior cervical portion of body provided 

 with longitudinal rows of cuticular bosses. Immediately behind the 

 mouth are dorsal and ventral semilunar depressions simulating suck- 

 ers. Esophagus consisting of a slender anterior portion and a thick- 

 er, muscular posterior portion. Male tail curved ventrally and pro- 

 vided with 2 asymmetrical alae supported by elongated claviform 

 papillae, mostly arranged in pairs. Vulva a short distance anterior 

 to anus. Eggs ellipsoidal, containing well developed embryos when 

 deposited. 



Type species. — Oongylonema minimum Molin, 1857 (synonym G. 

 musculi (Rudolphi, 1819) Neumann, 1894. Filaria musculi Ru- 

 dolphi, 1819, is regarded by Railliet as a nomen nudum). 



