NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 



249 



esophagus 1.2 mm. long by 200> wide. Vulva near middle of body 

 length. Anus 350> from tail end; at this level the body suddenly 

 narrows to form a conical tail, with a marked latero- ventral rounded 

 prominence on each side of the anus (fig. 311c). Eggs not found. 



Life history. — Unknown; probably involves intermediate stages 

 in other hosts (see E. uncinata, p. 246). 



Distribution. — North America (United States (Zoological Garden, 

 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) ). 



ECHINURIA CALCARATA (Molin, 1860) Cram, 1927 



Synonyms. — Dispharagus calcaratus Molin, 1860; Acuaria cal- 

 carata (Molin, 1860) Railliet, Henry, and Sisoff, 1912; Hamannia 

 calcarata (Molin, 1860) Stiles and Hassall, 1920. 



Hosts. — Primary : Ibis guarauna; secondary : Unknown. 



Location. — Proventriculus. 



Morphology. — Echinuria (p. 244) : Characters of the genus. 



Male unknown. 



Fig. 311. 



-Echinuria ardeae. a, Front view and b, lateral view of head; c, 



FEMALE TAIL. AFTER SMITH, FOX, AND WHITE, 1908 



Female 8 to 10 mm. long by 200/x, wide. Mouth with 2 large con- 

 spicuous projecting lips (fig. 312 a and b). Cuticula transversely 

 striated. Anterior extremity of body appreciably attenuated. Four 

 long cordons, not recurrent but anastomosing posteriorly. Poste- 

 rior extremity with a spur-like appendage (fig. 312c). Anus near 

 caudal extremity. Vulva anterior to anus. 



Life history. — Unknown; probably involves intermediate stages 

 in other hosts (see E. uncinate,, p. 246). 



Distribution. — South America (Brazil). 



This species may be identical with E. contorta, but the description 

 is not sufficiently complete for a definite decision in regard to this. 



ECHINURIA CONTORTA (Molin, 1858) Cram, 1927 



Synonyms. — Dispharagus contortus Molin, 1858; Spiroptera fal- 

 cinelli Rudolphi, 1819; Acuaria falcinelli (Rudolphi, 1819) Molin, 

 1860; Acuaria contorta (Molin, 1858) Railliet, Henry, and Sisoff, 

 1912; Hamatnniu contorta (Molin, 1858) Stiles and Hassall, 1920. 



