NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 253 



The position of the vulva and its prominent lips, and the mono- 

 delphic nature of this species relate E. decorata to E. hargilae, 

 whereas the length of the esophagus and the elaborate nature of the 

 cordons relate it to E. squamata. 



ECHINURIA HARGILAE (Baylis and Daubney, 1923) Cram, 1927 



Synonyms. — Acuaria {Echinuria) leptoptili (Gedoelst, 1916) of 

 Baylis and Daubney, 1922; Acuaria {Echinuria) hargilae Baylis and 

 Daubney, 1923. 



Hosts. — Primary: Leptoptilus dubius; secondary: Unkown. 



Location. — Not given. 



Morphology. — Echinuria (p. 244) : Cuticula finely striated trans- 

 versely. Cordons 20/x wide, extending posteriorly for 950/*. to 1.1 

 mm., with a slight forward bend where they anastomose. No cuti- 

 cular spines. Cervical papillae prominent, slender, situated a little 

 posterior to the lateral bends of cordons. 



Male 11 to 11.5 mm. long by 234/* wide. Caudal extremity coiled 

 several times in a spiral. Caudal alae 700/* long. Cloacal aperture 



Fig. 315. — Echinuria hargilae. a, Anterior end; b, bight spicule. Aftbh 

 Baylis and Daubney, 1922 



115^1 from tip of tail. Four pairs of preanal papillae and 5 pairs 

 of postanal papillae. Right spicule short, 190 to 210/* long, much 

 curved (fig. 3155), twisted and flanged; left spicule long, 650 to 

 675/* long, slender, gently curved, and not twisted. 



Female 13 to 15 mm. long by 360/* wide. Vulva 170/* from tail 

 end, its anterior lip prominent. Vagina extends anteriorly 1.4 mm. 

 Baylis and Daubney say that this species may be considered mono- 

 delphic. They state : " The posterior set of organs * * * rep- 

 resented merely by a blind sac-like uterus which runs back to the 

 vicinity of the vulva. The anterior uterus runs forward to within 

 1.75 mm. of the anterior end of the body, the ovary commencing at 

 this point and running backwards." Anus 50/* from tail end. Eggs 

 28/* by 18/*. 



Life history. — Unknown; probably involves intermediate stages 

 in other hosts (see E. uncinata, p. 246). 



Distribution. — Asia (India (Calcutta)). 



ECHINURIA HORRIDA (Rudolphi, 1809) Cram, 1927 



Synonyms. — Strongylus horridus Rudolphi, 1809; Spiroptera gdl- 

 linulae Rudolphi, 1819; Spiroptera aculeata Creplin, 1825; Spirop- 



