NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 307 



Miile 25 mm. Ion*;. Four pairs of lateral pedunculated papillae 

 (fig. 3686), of which 2 are preanal, 2 postanal; directly anterior to 

 cloacal aperture a row of 3 sessile papillae, the central one smaller 

 than the others; directly posterior to cloaca] aperture is an asym- 

 metrical cluster of 4 small pedunculated papillae; and posterior to 

 all the above mentioned papillae are 3 pairs of large sessile papillae 

 of which the last pair is about equally spaced between the preceding 

 pair and the tail end. Caudal extremity broadly rounded. 



Female 33 mm. long. 



Life history. — Unknown; probably involves intermediate stages in 

 insects. 



Distribution. — South America (Brazil). 



PHYSALOPTERA BILABIATA Creplin, 1829 



Synonym. — Spiroptera bilabiata (Creplin, 1829) Dujardin, 1845. 



Hosts. — Primary: Lanius minor; secondary: Unknown. 



Location. — Intestine. 



Morphology. — Physaloptera (p. 295) : Body white; mouth with 2 

 large projecting lips. Body tapering toward both extremities, espe- 

 cially the anterior extremity. 



Male about 25 mm. long by 1 mm. wide. Tale short, somewhat 

 recurved, alate, elliptical, with 4 pairs of pedunculated papillae. 

 One spicule simple, slender, the other undescribed. 



Female about 26 mm. long by 1.12 mm. wide. Tail short, conical, 

 and obtuse. 



Life history. — Unknown ; probably involves intermediate stages in 

 insects. 



Distribution. — Europe (Germany (Greifswald) ). 



PHYSALOPTERA ABBREVIATA Rudolphi, 1819 



This species was described from reptiles and occurs regularly in 

 reptiles. It has been reported by Linstow (1883) as a pseudo-para- 

 site in the proventriculus of Ciconia alba, presumably snakes having 

 formed part of the diet of the bird. 



PHYSALOPTERA BREVICAUDA Linstow, 1909b 



Host. — Primary: Francolinus adspersus; secondary: Unknown. 



Location. — Intestine. 



Morphology. — Physaloptera (p. 295) : Cuticle transversely striated. 

 Head with 2 lips, widened anteriorly, narrower at base, provided in 

 the middle with a papilla, to the right and left of which' there is a 

 cone-shaped tooth. Esophagus 1/9 of total body length: tail very 

 short in both sexes. 



Male 27 mm. long by 830/* wide: tail (fig. 309) rounded, its length 

 1/69 of total body length; caudal alae with chitinous tubercules in 



