949 



[. Tarsus much less than twice as long as middle toe without 

 claw. 



A. Chin and throat black. 



1. Crown washed with brown. 



a. Back and sides grayish rusty brown. 



b. Back and sides rusty chestnut. 



2. Crown pure black. 



a. A white line over the eye. 



b. No white line over the eye. 

 (i). Tail 2.7. Colors paler. 

 (2). Tail 2.5. Colors darker. 

 (3). Tail 2.;}. Colors darker. 



B. Chin and throat white or nearly so. 



1. Side of head and neck white. 



a. Wing 3.4 ; more purely white below. 



b. Wing 3.7; less purely white below. 



2. Side of head not entirely white. 



a. A white line over the eye. 



b. No white line over the eve. 



B. C. 7. Columbian Chickadee. 

 109. Chestnut=backed Chickadee. 



108. Mountain Chickadee. 



B. C. &H.9. Long. tailed Chickadee. 



106. Chickadee. 



107. Oregon Chickadee. 



111. Slender=billed Nuthatch. 



H. 34. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch. 



112. Red=breasted Nuthatch. 



113. Pygmy Nuthatch. 



Family 11. Certiiiid.ae. Creepers. 



The stiffened tail feathers and lichen-like coloration of these birds easily distinguishes them, 

 habit of clinging close to the bark and winding a spiral course upward is characteristic also. 



Their 



I. Upperparts with much rusty brown. 



II. Upperparts yellowish rusty. 



III. Upperparts dusky brown. 



Fauiilv 12. TROGi.(Hn'TiD.\K. 



H. 35. Rocky Mountain Creeper. 

 115. Tawny Creeper. 

 114. Sierra Creeper. 



Wrens, Thrashers, etc. 



This is a somewhat composite group, with the mockingbird type on the one hand and the wrens on the 

 other. It is not easy to discuss characteristics without exceeding the limits of space allotted here. 



I. Uength about g inches. 



A. Color mostly slaty gray. 



B. General coloration above brownish. 



124. Catbird. 



123. Sage Thrasher. 



II. Length under 7 inches. 



A. Back spotted with white. 



1. Larger and lighter. 



2. Smal'er and darker. 



B. Back spotted with black. 



C. Back unspotted. 



1. A distinct white line over the eye. 



2. No white line over the eye. 



a. .Above rusty brown : throat white ; belly brown. 



b. Above light cinnamon; lielow brownish .gray. 



c. Above cinnamon ; below pale cinnamon. 



116. Western Marsh Wren. 



117. Tule Wren. 



121. Rock Wren. 



118. Seattle Wren. 



122. Canon Wren. 



119. Western House Wren. 



120. Western Winter Wren. 



CiNCLiDAE. Water Ouzels. 



FaiJtilv 13. 



These birds are to be found about white water along mountain streams. They seem as much at 

 home in and beneath a current which breaks the water into drops as perched upiiti a stone aliove the 

 water. Only one species belongs to our fauna and that is the 125. American Water Ouzel. 



Family 14. Hiruniiimh.m-;. Swallows, Martins. 



The graceful flight of these birds is well known. Their habit of feeding upon flying insects makes 

 them especially useful birds. 



I. Without any metallic reflections. 



A. Throat and breast brownish gray. 128. Rough=winged Swallow. 



B. A brownish band across the white breast. 129. Bank Swallow. 



II. Upperparts with metallic reflections. 



A. LInderparts steel blue. 126. Purple Martin. 



B. Throat chestnut, rufous, or brownish. 



1'. Tail deeply forked. 130. American Barn Swallow. 



2. Upper tail-coverts rufous or buffy. 127. Cliff Swallow. 



C. Throat gray or white. 



