3g BULLETIN 82, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 1 



Macrophreata A. II. Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, 1911, p. 649 (includes Antedonidae, 

 Atelfcrinidac and rontamctrocrinidae) ; in Michaelsen and Hartmeyer, Die Fauna Sudwest 

 Australiens, vol. 3, Lief. 13, Crinoidea, 1911, p. 438 (analysis of Australian species); Mem. 

 AustraUan Mus., vol. 4, 1911, p. 717 (proportion of species in the Australian fauna), p. 725 

 (poorly represented in Australia) ; Crinoids of the Indian Ocean, 1912, p. 6 (19 genera in the 

 East Indian region, 70 species in the E. Indian region; in other regions of the world this sub- 

 order far outnumbers the Oligophreata) ; in. Springer and Clark, Zittel- Eastman's Paleontology, 



1913, p. 230 (diagnosis; includes Atelccrinidae, Pentametrocrinidae and Antedonidae); Bull. 

 Inst. Ocdanogr. Monaco, No. 294, 1914, pp. 2 and following (range; structural relation to tem- 

 perature); Internat. Rev. gesamt. Hydrobiol. und Ilydiogr., vol. 6, 1914, p. 5 and following 

 (Atlantic and corresponding Indo-Paeific genera); Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 4, No. 20, 



1914, p. 581 (relation to temperature of habitat); vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, pp. 126-134 (bathymetrical 

 range; phylogenetic and paleontological significance); Die Crinoiden der Antarktis, 1915, p. 163 

 (all shallow water crinoids of the Antarctic belong to the family Antedonidae of this suborder), 

 p. 167 (2 of the 7 south .\ustralian crinoids belong to this suborder) ; .\mer. Journ. Sci., vol. 40. 



1915, p. 67 (detailed philosophical discussion of the bathymetrical range); Smithsonian Misc, 

 Coll., vol. 65, No. 10, 1915, p. 40 (phylogenetic study); Unstalked crinoids of the Stboga-Exped., 

 1918, p. 196; Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 72, No. 7, 1921, pp. 2, 12, 20, 21; Gisl^x, Zool. Bidrag 

 Uppsala, vol. 9, 1924, p. 59; Ark. Zool., vol. 19a, No. 32, 1928, p. 10.— Boone, Bull. Vanderbilt 

 Mar. Mus., vol. 14, 1933, p. 09. — A. II. Clark, John Murray Exped. 1933-34, Sci. Reports, 

 vol. 4, No. 4, 1937, p. 93. — Gisl£n, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., ser. 3, vol. 17, No. 2, 

 1938, p. 15.— ToRTONESE, Boll. Mus. Zool. Univ. Torino, vol. 46, ser. 3, No. 82, 1938, p. 40.— 

 11. L. Clark. Echinoderm fauna of Austnilia, 194G, p. GO. 



Makrophrcaten A. II. Clark, Die Crinoiden der Antarktis, 1915, p. 167. 



Diagnosis. — A suborder of Comatulida in which the central cavity in the centro- 

 dorsal containing the chambered organ and overlying structures is large; the rosette 

 is not sunken below the dorsal surface of the radial pentagon, and its interradial ex- 

 tensions do not form "spoutlike" processes; or the radials may be essentially unmodified 

 (Atelecrinidae); there is no calcareous deposit on the inner sui'face of the radials nor 

 upon the central surface of the rosette, so that there is no trace of a central plug; the 

 plane of the muscular fossae on the radial articular faces is nearly or quite parallel to 

 the dorsoventral axis of the animal, so that the muscular fossae are separated from the 

 very large central cavity onlj' by thin calcareous lamina which are quite different 

 from the more or less thick wedges seen in the Ohgophreata; the joint face elements 

 distal to the transverse ridge are strongly excavated, especially interiorly, so that they 

 meet in the median dorsoventral line at an angle of usually 90°; the brachials from the 

 second syzygy onward are usually triangular or verj' obhquely wedge-shaped; the 

 second bracliial S3'zygy is usually between brachials 9+10 (Antedonidae and 

 Pentametrocrinidae) or 64-7 (Atelecrinidae); the distal brachial syzygies are evenl}' 

 and closely spaced; the pinnules are all cyhndrical or more or less flattened, never 

 prismatic, and without a dorsal carination; in the distal pinnules the first two segments 

 are broadened and those beyond the third are elongate; the radials are usually 5, but 

 in two genera 10; and the arms with very rare exceptions are 5 or 10, or in species ^vith 

 10 radials 10 or 20. 



Geographical range. — Cosmopohtan; but absent from the Baltic and Black Seas. 



Bathymetrical range. — From the low tide mark, and sometimes large tide pools, 

 down to 5220 meters. 



Thermal range.— From the high temperatures of the tropical littoral down to 

 -1.85° C. 



