PAET 5 A MONOGRAPH OF THE EXISTING CRINOIDS 401 



southern island of Nova Zembla, and after cruising along the western coast of the 

 northern island as far as lat. 78° N. she returned to Norway, arriving on September 11. 



The Danmark Expedition to East Greenland in 190G-08 or, as it is commonly 

 called, the Mylius-Erichsen Expedition, was sent out primarily to chart the quite un- 

 know'n stretch of coast from the northernmost point reached by Koldewey, in the vicinity 

 of Cape Bismark, to the limit of Peary's discoveries. Navy Cliff, and the eastern coast 

 of Peary Land. The Danmark, previously the Norwegian polar ship Magdalene, had 

 been especially built for polar work at Peterhead, Scotland, in 1855. The leader of 

 the expedition, most unfortunately lost, was Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen. First Lieut. 

 A. E. AL J. C. TroUe, second-in-command, took command of the ship. The natiu-ahst 

 for the lower invertebrates was Mr. Frits Johansen (later connected with the Victoria 

 Memorial Museum at Ottawa) ; but a very considerable part of the collection was made 

 by the surgeon. Dr. Jens P. J. Lendhard. The Danmark left on June 24, 1906, reach- 

 ing Greenland by way of the Faroes and Iceland, and returned in 1908. 



The Swedish Expedition to Spitzbergen in 1908 was sent out especially for the 

 purpose of studying intensively, from all points of view, an arctic fjord. The greatest 

 emphasis was placed on the investigation of the bottom fauna. The object was not 

 to amass material for the study of systematic zoology but to investigate ecological 

 zoogeography in the broadest sense. 



The expedition sailed on the Svensksund, commanded by Capt. C. G. Norselius, 

 and the zoologists were Prof. Nils von Hofsten and Mr. S. Bock. The work was con- 

 fined to the Ice Fjord. 



This expedition deserves especial notice, for it marks the inception of a new line 

 of Arctic investigation, the well-planned and intensive study of a typical and restricted 

 region. 



In the summer of 1908 Mr. Owen Bryant dredged along the Labrador coast, obtain- 

 ing definite records for this species from a region where its occiu-rence had previously 

 been known only through a casual reference by Sir Wyville Thomson in 1873. 



The Tjalfe under the direction of Dr. Adolph Jensen made two trips to Greenland , 

 one in 1908 and the other in 1909, for the pm-pose of studying hydrographical condi- 

 tions and the distribution of the larger species of fish. 



In 1911 Dr. V. Nordmann was sent out by the Committee for Geological and 

 Geographical Investigations in Greenland to study the fauna of the northern Str0m 

 Fjord in western Greenland (about lat. 67°30' N.). This location is typical of those 

 Greenland fjords in which the bottom temperature is below 0° C, and as a conse- 

 quence all animal life is of arctic, or at least of boreo-arctic, character without any 

 true Atlantic (boreal) deep sea forms. 



The work of the Tjalfe in 1908 and 1909 had shown that in some of the fjords of 

 southern Greenland, south of the ridge running across Davis Strait in about lat. 60° N., 

 there was free access to the bottom water of the Atlantic except in cases where the mouth 

 of the fjord itself was blocked by a submarine ridge. In these fjords, while the higher 

 levels were found to contain the usual arctic or boreo-arctic littoral fauna, the deeper 

 portions showed the presence of Atlantic (boreal) deep sea forms. The Committee 

 chose as typical of such fjords the Kvane Fjord, near Fredcrikshaab (about lat. 62° N.) 

 and the Bredc Fjord, between Julianehaab and Ivigtut (about lat. 61° N.), and Dr. 

 K. Stephensen, accompanied by Messrs. K. Birket-Smith and N. Petersen, was sent 



