PART 5 A MONOGRAPH OF THE EXISTING CRINOIDS 409 



In 1917 Dr. Knud Stephcnsen brought, out the detailed account of the results 

 of his survey of the Brcde fjord in southwestern Greenland in 1912, recording this 

 species from several stations, and in 1919 Dr. Raymond F. Osburn found it to be the 

 host of Mortenscn's Loxosomella antedonis, his material having been collected by the 

 Crocker Land expedition at Etah, Greenland. 



In 1922 the author recorded this species for the first time from Hudson Bay, 

 where it had been found by Mr. Frits Johansen, and in 1923 he recorded it from a 

 number of new localities at which it had been obtained by various Danish steamers, 

 especially the Ingolf. In 1923 also Dr. Torsten Gislen mentioned it from several 

 additional localities and discussed the characters of the young in comparison with those 

 of the species of Hathrometra and Poliometra. 



In his Echinoderm Studies of 1924, Dr. Gislen covered a number of facets of the 

 biology, particularly, of crinoids. Among the anomalies found, he recorded and 

 figured a specimen of H. glacialis with a forked pinnule. The shape of the brachials 

 and their articulations as well as those of the pinnules were also dealt with. Measure- 

 ments of the gonads gave an estimated total weight of 7.43 grams and a volume of 6.76 

 cubic centimeters. The length of the ambulacral groove of a specimen with arm 

 length 200 mm. was estimated at 54.5 meters. This was related to the volume of 

 the specimen. The intestinal contents of a specimen from west of Spitzbergen in 

 100 meters were found to consist of numerous copepods, solitary ostracods, polynoid 

 bristles and a ciliate. 



A. A. Schorygin wrote in 1925 that in 1921 and 1923 this species was found north 

 of lat. 74° N. by the expeditions of the Institute of Marine Science. The length of 

 the pinnules of different specimens, and also on the various arms of a single specimen, 

 is very variable. At the northern stations specimens were found with extraordinarily 

 short proximal pinnuJes, approaching in length the proximal pinnules of Poliometra 

 prolixa. 



Both Koehler and Mortensen, in their comprehensive works on the echinoderms 

 of Europe and of the British Isles in 1927, gave brief descriptions and figures of this 

 species as well as surveys of its distribution. Mortensen also mentions that it is liable 

 to parasitization by Myzostoma gigas Liitken and M. fimhriatum von Graff, also the 

 endoproct Bryozoan Loxosomella antedonis Mortensen. 



Grieg in 1927 records one instance from Tovik station 26 of a specimen found in 

 the stomach contents of a cod and two instances, from stations 23 and 28, of its occurrence 

 in a haddock. The Tovik also obtained the species free at several other stations on 

 the Spitzbergen Bank. 



In 1928 Prof. K. M. Derjugin listed Heliometra glacialis among the species which 

 are absent from the White Sea basin, though common in the neighboring area of the 

 White Sea. 



In his monographic account of the echinoderms of the Barents Sea published in 

 1928 (pp. 1-107 in Russian, with a summary, pp. 109-128, in German), Schorygin de- 

 cribed at length the distribution of Heliometra glacialis. He said that it is absent from 

 the southeastern and southwestern parts of the Barents Sea. In the Barents Sea it 

 ranges in depth from 50 to 2,000 meters, being most frequent between 150 and 250 

 meters. In temperature it ranges from —2.0° to +5.0° C, being most frequent at the 

 lower temperatures with a maximum frequency at —0.5° C. The range in salinity is 

 from 33.00 to 35.25 per thousand, the greatest frequency being at 34.75 per thousand. 



