REVISION OF THE FISH FAMILY LIPARIDAE 11 



or simple, and some species have both types. Species in 10 of the 

 genera have trilobed teeth. In three of the genera the teeth range 

 from trilobed to simple. In another genus, Liparis, (major), there is 

 an approach to the same condition. The trilobed condition of the 

 teeth is most typical of the shallow-water species. All the species of 

 Liparis have teeth of this type. The simple teeth are more typical 

 of the deep-water species. More than half the species of Careproctus 

 and nearly all the species of Paraliparis have simple teeth. The 

 teeth may be either thick and blunt or lanceolate. The thick, blunt 

 teeth may be either trilobed or simple. The heavy crushing teeth 

 of Careproctus rTiodomelas are formed by the three lobes becoming 

 thickened and united. In Paraliparis atramentatus the heavy, blunt 

 teeth are the result of an increase in the diameter of the simple teeth. 

 In nearly all the species with simple teeth the teeth are round in 

 cross section. In the Paraliparis rosaceus group of species, however, 

 the teeth are compressed and wedge shaped at the tip. 



The teeth are typically arranged in pavementlike bands. The 

 width of the bands and the number of oblique rows of teeth consti- 

 tuting the bands vary. In some of the species of Careproctus and 

 Paraliparis the bands of teeth are very narrow and the number of 

 oblique rows of teeth is reduced. Looking directly into the mouth 

 from in front the rows of teeth are seen to diverge posteriorly. 

 These are the oblique rows of teeth referred to in the descriptions. 

 If, however, we view the teeth from the opposite direction we find 

 them arranged in oblique rows which diverge anteriorly. 



The bands of teeth usually present an oblique cutting surface. 

 This is due to the anterior teeth being smaller and extending on 

 the anterior surfaces of the mandibular and maxillary bones. A 

 striking exception to this condition is found in the Careproctus 

 colleiti group of species. Here the teeth are set on a more horizontal 

 surface, the anterior teeth are larger, and the inner teeth recurved. 

 When the jaws are separated the cutting surface appears horizontal 

 and the anterior teeth appear as large as the inner teeth. When 

 dissected out the anterior teeth are found to be somewhat smaller. 



The teeth are arranged in a single series in the Paraliparis rosacevs 

 group of species and in Nectoliparis pelagicus. — In the Paraliparis 

 rosaceus group of species the teeth are set close together and the tips 

 are wedge shaped and form a sharp cutting edge. In Nectoliparis 

 pelagicus the teeth are minute and difficult to examine, but they 

 appear to be conical and more widely spaced than in Paraliparis 

 rosaceus. 



Pseudohrancliiae. — The pseudobranchiae consist of about five fil- 

 aments and are known with certainty to exist only in the genus 

 Liparis. Goode, (1880, p. 478), records their presence in Paraliparis 

 liparina, but this has been questioned by later writers. 



