122 BULLETIN 134, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



striking. There are, however, no finger holes in the Guiana instru- 

 ment. The instrument consequently, like the Bocas del Toro trumpet, 

 has only one note. 



Mead refers to a similar instrument having been employed by the 

 Inca's army at the siege of Cuzco. The instrument is still used by 

 a number of tribes in the Amazon region. Herrera narrates that 

 Orellana on his voyage down the Amazon in 1541 was pursued by 

 130 canoes containing 8,000 Indians, and that the noise of their 

 drums, cornets, and shouting thoroughly frightened his men. 



Wind blown pipes. — Pan's pipes are common to the Peruvian up- 

 lands of South America and to the forested lowlands of the tropical 

 eastern and northern slopes. Kroeber thinks that the pipes origi- 

 nated in the one of the two areas possessing the superior culture, 

 that is, the Andean, and penetrated to the tropical lowlands later. 

 Syrinxes of several pipes graduated in length form the decorative 

 design on ancient Peruvian terra cotta vessels. 



The pan's pipes of southeastern Panama known as " kammu 

 purwi " to the Tule, are composed of several closed pipes arranged 

 in series of graduated lengths. The pipes are bound together with 

 cotton cord lashings looped around each pipe which are bound 

 together in series of four and three. This arrangement of dividing 

 the syrinx into parts is for the convenience of the operator, enabling 

 him to suspend the two series of pipes from his neck by means of a 

 connecting suspension cord. 



The pan's pipes from the San Bias coast are played by two 

 musicians in turns. Each player is equipped with a syrinx of seven 

 pipes divided into two series of four and three pipes each (pi. 8, 

 No. 5). Each operator arranges his pipes in a double row with 

 two pipes overlapping. This arrangement of the pipes makes the 

 arc of operation smaller and facilitates the increase of tempo. The 

 two players alternate in producing the tones — first a higher and then 

 a lower tone in rapid succession. The quality of the tone of the 

 pipes resembles that of a steam calliope and is far removed from 

 that of the pipe organ, which represents the final development in 

 the graduated series of pan's pipes. The proximal end of each pipe 

 is cut off squarely and the orifice serves as the mouthpiece, against 

 the lateral edge of which the impinging air current from the mouth 

 of the operator is directed. The vibrations thus set in motion pro- 

 duce the musical tones which yary with the length of each pipe. 

 The pipes are fashioned from a variety of reed that has been hol- 

 lowed and thoroughly freed from its pulpy contents. The pipes in 

 the National Museum from the Tule are graduated in length from 

 46 cm. (18 in.) down to one-fourth that length, the lower tones 

 being produced on the longer pipes and the higher tones on the 



