OBJECTS OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 59 



247. Papal hull. — Manuscript, written on parchment, dated 1781, 

 with a leaden seal, having on one side the busts of SS. Peter and Paul; 

 on the other, the name Pius VII (Pope 1775-1799), attached by a 

 cord of yellow silk. A bull is a document issued by a pope. The 

 name is derived from the Latin bulla, a bubble floating upon water; 

 then a boss, a circular plate. In course of time it came to be applied 

 to the leaden seals with which papal and royal documents were 

 authenticated in the Middle Ages, and by a further development the 

 name from designating the seal was eventually attached to the docu- 

 ment itself. The seal has always on one side a representation of the 

 Apostles Peter and Paul, on the other the name of the reigning pope, 

 and is attached by a silken cord if it be a "bull of grace," and by one 

 of hemp if a "bull of justice." Measurements of the parchment, 26% 

 by 32 inches; diameter of the seal, 1% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 

 179078, U.S.N.M.) 



248. Leaden stamp of Pius II, Pope 1458-1464- — On one side are 

 represented the heads of SS. Peter and Paul; on the other is the 

 name Pius Papa II. Diameter, iKe inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179105, 

 U.S.N.M.) 



249. Leaden stamp of Clement XI, Pope 1700-1721. — On one side 

 are the busts of SS. Peter and Paul, with a cross between them; on the 

 other, Clemens Papa XI, with a rayed cross above. Diameter, 1%6 

 inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179106, U.S.N.M.) 



250. Leaden stamp of Clement XIII, Pope 1758-1769. — On one side 

 are the busts of SS. Peter and Paul, with a cross between them; on 

 the other, Clemens Papa XIII, with a rayed cross above. Diameter, 

 1% inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 179107, U.S.N.M.) 



251. Pontifical album. — Consisting of 12 colored pictures, showing 

 the Roman Catholic hierarchy and papal attendants. Rome, Italy. 

 (Cat. No. 179103, U.S.N.M.) 



252. Pontifical album. — Consisting of 12 colored pictures, showing 

 the officials and attendants of the papal court. Rome, Italy. (Cat. 

 No. 179104, U.S.N.M.) 



253. Wooden casJc. — Gilded and decorated with the papal arms. 

 Height, 9^2 inches; length, 12 inches; diameter, dji inches. Italy. 

 (Cat. No. 152243, U.S.N.M.) 



254. Wooden oval tablet.— CsiTved round the edge with leaf pattern, 

 and in the center with the letters J H S {Jesus hominum salcator — 

 Jesus Saviour of Mankind) in relief. Diameters, 15 and 11 inches. 

 Italy. (Cat. No. 179066, U.S.N.M.) 



255. Terra-cotta candlestick. — From the shaft in the center branch 

 out four arms. With fine moldings. Height 9}^ inches; diameter 

 of the base, 7K inches. Italy. (Cat. No. 152245, U.S.N.M.) 



256. Terra-cotta lamp. — In the center of the top is the Christ 

 monogram X in relief, while round the edge are circles, inclosing 



