OBJECTS OF KELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL 81 



enduring the hot and stony ground. On arrival at Mecca the pilgrim 

 performs the ceremony of the tawaf, that is, circumambulating the 

 Kaaba (A, center), seven times, reciting certain formulae, each time 

 kissing the black stone {al-hajar al-aswad). He then proceeds to the 

 makam Ibrahim, the place where Abraham stood when he built the 

 Kaaba, and recites a prayer. Next follows the Sai ceremony, that is, 

 running forward and backward seven times between the hills of Safa 

 and Marwah, which are separated from one another by some 200 

 yards, situated to the east of the Haram. On the seventh day a 

 sermon (khutbah), is delivered in the great mosque by which the 

 pilgrims are prepared for the holy ceremonies. On the eighth day 

 the pilgrims proceed en masse to Mount Arafat (B, upper center), 

 a distance of 3 miles from the city, reaching it in the evening. The 

 night is spent in prayer at the foot of the mountain, which is ascended 

 at daybreak of the ninth day. The day is spent in prayer and listen- 

 ing to another oration. Toward evening the pilgrims depart for 

 Mecca, and on the way make a halt (wukuf), at the mosque of Muz- 

 dalifa, situated midway between Arafat and Mina (B, upper left 

 corner), where the rest of the night is spent. The tenth day is called 

 Yaumu al-naJir, the day of sacrifice. The pilgrims leave Muzdalifa 

 after morning prayers and proceed to the Valley of Mina (B, left side 

 in the center). There the pilgrim performs the ceremony of casting 

 stones (Ramyu al-rijam), consisting in throwing seven pebbles at the 

 three pillars of Mina, wliile reciting the formula: "In the name of 

 God, the Almighty, I do this in hatred of Satan and his shame. '^ 

 According to Moslem explanation the stoning is aimed at Satan, who 

 is said to have appeared here to Abraham and to have been driven 

 away by him in the same fashion. Here also the "feast of sacrifice'^ 

 (Idu al-azJia), takes place. Every pilgrim must sacrifice a sheep, a 

 goat, a cow, or a camel, according to his means, and it is considered 

 meritorious to give the flesh of the victims to the poor. With this act 

 the pilgrimage is considered at an end. Most of the pilgrims spend 

 the next three days in the valley, called the "three days of meat 

 eating" {Tashrik), which are devoted to jollification. Upon the 

 return to Mecca the pilgrim removes the ihram, indulges in the 

 luxury of a shave and a wash — acts forbidden from his approach to 

 the sacred precinct until the end of the pilgrimage. It is usual to 

 drink from the holy Zemzem weU (A, left lower corner), which is 

 said to be the spring shown by God to Hagar in the desert (Genesis 

 xxi, 19), or to have oneself sprinkled with its water. Some pilgrims 

 dip their garments into the water of the Zemzem. This renders them 

 sacred. They are then used as burial shrouds in the belief that they 

 will act as a protection against the intense heat of the sun's rays on 

 the Day of Judgment. Henceforth the pilgrim assumes the title of 

 Baiji, that is, one who has performed the pilgrimage or Hajj. India. 

 (Cat. No. 289299, U.S.N.M.) 



