CATALOGUE OF THE WATEKCKAFT COLLECTION. 81 



carrying capacity, to 14 feet draft of water above top of keel, 460 

 tons of cargo. Scale of model, three-eighths inch equals 1 foot. 



The Saone was one of the extreme types of the American " kettle- 

 bottom " merchant vessel, the special characteristics of which were 

 unusual depth, round bottom, tumble-in sides, and consequent nar- 

 row beam at the upper deck, with full swelling lines below. The ob- 

 ject of this design was to secure the greatest carrying capacity on a 

 given tonnage, since the onerous " tonnage dues " in foreign ports 

 bore heavily on American shij)s. By the tonnage laws in force in 

 the United States at that time the depth of a vessel for tonnage was 

 estimated from her width on deck, and the deeper she was in propor- 

 tion to her beam the more cargo capacity she would have on a given 

 measurement. Such vessels were, however, slow and unwieldy. It 

 is related of the Saone that she was loaded with lumber when new 

 and, not having any ballast in her bottom, her buoyancy was so exces- 

 sive that she sat high out of water and had little stability after she 

 was filled with cargo. When she filled away from the wharf at 

 Bath she fell over on her side so that her yardarms were almost in 

 the water ; her cargo had to be taken out and ballast put underneath 

 it before she could go to sea. 

 Gift of William P. Pattee. Cat. No. 76,071 U.S.N.M. 



Block model of merchant bark. 



The bark Hesper was built from this model at Newburyport, Mass., 

 in 1851. She was of the " kettle-bottom " type, and was employed 

 in the European trade by John N. Gushing, sr. 



This model has a full, bluff bow, flaring very much at top ; long, 

 low, flat floor ; round, easy bilge ; straight, tumble-in wall side ; very 

 short full run; heav}^, square stern; straight on top. The general 

 features are great depth and little beam, with full lines. 



Dimensions of vessel. — Tonnage, 392; length over all, 128 feet; 

 beam, 25 feet; depth, 21 feet. Scale of model, one-fourth inch equals 

 1 foot. 

 Gift of John N. Gushing. Gat. Xo. 76,059 U.S.N.M. 



Block model of merchant bark. 



The bark Crusader was built for the European trade from this 

 model in 1854, at Millbridge, Me. 



This was a wooden, carvel-built, keel vessel of the so-called " half- 

 clipper " type, with moderately sharp, convex bow, flaring strongly 

 at top; stem nearly straight and vertical above, curved at forefoot; 

 long, low floor ; round bilge ; Avail side ; rather short full run ; vertical 

 sternpost; square stern; straight on top. 



Dimensions of vessel. — Length over all, 216 feet; beam, 28 feet; 

 depth, 19 feet. Scale of model, one-fourth inch equals 1 foot. 



