320 BULLETIN 142, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



in suitable localities throughout the British Isles and the Continent of 

 Europe, north to latitude 71° in Norway, rare in North Finland, 

 and scarce in Russian Lapland, while it is absent from the islands off 

 the North Russian coast and reaches about latitude 58° N. in the 

 Urals and 56 1 /2° in West Siberia. SoutliAvard its range extends to 

 Andalusia, northern Italy, Sardinia, and in small numbers to Greece, 

 as well as at over 6,000 feet in the Caucasus. Probably it also nests 

 in Morocco, though this has not yet been proved, and perhaps also 

 in Tunisia, while in West Asia it breeds in Turkestan. East Asiatic 

 birds apparently belong to another race or races. 



Winter range. — The Iceland race (T. tetanus robustus) passes 

 through the British Isles and has been recorded from Morocco. The 

 typical race (T. tetanus totanus) winters in small numbers in the 

 British Isles and also on the Scandinavian coast, but not in Central 

 Europe, crossing the Mediterranean and wintering in Africa, where 

 it has been recorded in Cape Province and Natal, but only in small 

 numbers, the majority evidently wintering in the Tropics. Eastward 

 it is found in the marshes of Iraq and the shores of the Persian Gulf, 

 but probably Indian birds and those which winter in Ceylon, the 

 Andamans, Malay Peninsula, China, Hainan, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, 

 Philippines, Celebes, Sunda Islands, and Japan belong to other races. 



Spring migration. — The passage northward at the Straits of Gib- 

 raltar takes place in March and April, while in Tunisia most leave in 

 April, though specimens have been obtained in June (probably non- 

 breeders) ; and in Egypt it stays till April. In Abyssinia it has 

 been met with in March (March 12, Zoulla) and most leave the 

 marshes of Iraq in mid-May, though some stay till the end of the 

 month. It passes Malta in March and April, and nearly all have left 

 Greece by May, but passes C} 7 prus in April, arriving in Holland and 

 Denmark in April and Sweden late in that month and reaching 

 Finland early in May. Large numbers passed over St. Catherine's 

 Light in the Isle of Wight from 2.30 a. m. till dawn on April 3 and 

 4, 1910. 



Fall migration. — In south Sweden it leaves in September and also 

 departs from Denmark and Holland about the same time. The pas- 

 sage at the Straits of Gibraltar takes place in September and October 

 and in Malta in September, while in the Iraq marshes the first 

 arrivals take place at the end of Jul} 7 , but the majority come in 

 August, and it is recorded from Fao in August and September, arriv- 

 ing in Egypt in September, while it has occurred as far south as the 

 River Niger in the same month. 



Casual records. — It is an occasional visitor on passage to the 

 Canaries and has been met with on Madeira (March 15, April 20, 26, 

 September 24, October 24) as well as in East Greenland (Angmag- 

 salik April 24, May 29). 



