36 BULLETIN 149, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



In both of these quoted expressions Tschermak seems to have had 

 in mind only the granular and porphyritic polysomatic forms, and the 

 fragmental "kugelchen." 



Three years later ^^ after a consideration of the depressions and 

 excrescences occurring in and on the chondrules of the Tieschitz 

 meteorite, he came to a partial agreement with Sorby conceiving 

 that 



Die Kugelchen Sind nach wie vor wegen der tuffartigen Beschaffenheit der 

 Meteorsteine als Resultate vulcanischer Eruptionen und Explosionen anzusehen, 

 aber ihre Form diirfte doch eher von einem plastischen Zustande, als von der 

 Zerreibung starrer Partikel abzuleiten sein. 



And again, after another four years " he announced : 



Ich hatte * * * 2u der Ansicht gefuhrt wurde, dass die Kugelchen der 

 Chondrite als erstarrte Tropfen anzusehen sind, wahrend die aus Splittern 

 bestehende Grundmasse nach wie vor als vulkanischer Detritus zu betrachten 

 waren, 



Daubree ^* seems also to have held the opinion that the majority 

 of chondrules were simply debris particles rounded by attrition. He 

 wrote : 



J'ai montre que la structure globulaire telle qu'elle se presente dans certains 

 types * * * a, ete imit6e artificiellement et s'explique par una sorte de 

 granulation operee au moment ou la substance se solidifie. Mais le plus souvent 

 les globules des meteorites paraissent etre des simples debris arrondis par 

 frottement. 



F. Rinne,^^ by means of a simple electric device, was able to fuse 

 the silicate constituents of meteorites and by abrupt alterations of 

 the strength of the current produce a "spratzen" of the melt resulting 

 in the projection from the crucible of small drops which quickly 

 cooled in the form of ''kugels." To some such' action he would 

 ascribe the formation of meteoric chondrules. Later, by the aid 

 of an oxygen blast and a Linnemann burner he was able to produce 

 enstatite beads evidently in every way comparable with meteoric 

 chondrules. ^^ These, it will be observed, are really synthetic demon- 

 strations of the possible correctness of Sorby's views. Berwerth in 

 1901 " announced his conviction that the chondritic stones were 

 tuffs more or less completely metamorphosed by heat, and seemed 

 to regard the individual chondrules as portions of the melt that 

 cooled in globular form. Borgstrom ^^ in his description of the 

 Hvittis stone (1903) (a crystalline chondrite), says that the chon- 

 drules are always so firmly intergrown with the ground that it is 

 often impossible to determine where the one leaves off and the other 



» Denk. Math. Natur. Classe kaiser. Akad. Wiss., vol. 39, 1878. 



" Sitz. k. k. Akad. Wiss., Wien, vol. 95, 1882, p. 205. 



"* aCologie Exp§rimentale, 1879, p. 530. 



" Neues Jahrbuch Min. Pet., vol. 2, 1895, pp. 229-246. 



'« Idem, 1897, pp. 259-261. 



" Centralblatt Min., etc.. No. 21, pp. 641-647, 1901. 



'8 Die Meteoriten von Hvittis u. Marjalatti, Helsingfors, 1903. 



