XVI INTRODUCTION. 



nearly hidden by projecting and recurved frontal plumes. Wings with the 

 first quill obsolete, the third and fourth primaries nearly equal, the sixth, 

 seventh, and eighth curved outwards. Tail short, and nearly square. 

 Tarsus scutellated in front, covered at the sides with a single plate, stout and 

 short ; claws moderately curved, rather short and strong (p. 171). 



Carduelis, Brisso;!.—'Bi\\ nearly conical but slightly compressed, the point 

 slender and sharp. Nostrils basal, lateral, round, and hidden by projecting 

 and recurved plumes. Wings rather long and pointed ; the first primary 

 obsolete ; the second, third, and fourth nearly equal, but the second the 

 longest. Tail more or less moderate, and forked. Tarsus short and rather 

 stout, scutellated in front, covered at the sides by a single plate ; claws 

 moderate (p. 173). 



Serin'US, A'. L. KocIi.— '&lW strong, short, somewhat conical, but very broad at 

 the base and with the distal half suddenly diminishing to the tip ; mandibles 

 nearly equal in size, but the upper a little longer than the lower ; edges 

 plain. Nostrils basal, supernal, round, and hidden by projecting and re- 

 curved frontal plumes. Gape straight. Wings with the first primary so 

 small as to seem wanting ; the second, third, and fourth nearly equal, but the 

 third a trifle the longest. Tail moderate, rather deeply forked. Tarsus 

 slender, and shorter than the middle toe, scutellated in front, covered at the 

 sides by a single plate ; claws small and rather weak (p. 177). 



Passer, Brisson. — Bill somewhat conical, but bulging above and below, longer 

 than deep ; upper mandible larger than the lower, edges nearly plain. Nostrils 

 basal, lateral, rounded, almost hidden by projecting and recurved frontal 

 plumes. Gape straight. Wings with the first primary small and attenuated 

 but distinctly developed, the third or fourth rather the longest, but the 

 second, third and fourth - sometimes even the fifth -not very unequal. 

 Tail moderate or short, and nearly square. Tarsus stout, nearly as long 

 as the middle toe, scutellated in front, covered at the sides by a single plate ; 

 claws moderately curved, rather short (p. 179). 



PRINGILLA, Linnaits.—'WA hard, straight, somewhat long, nearly conical, but 

 bulging slightly, and pointed ; mandibles nearly equal, edges plain. Nostrils 

 basal, lateral, oval, partly hidden by projecting and recurved frontal plumes. 

 Gape straight. Wings with the first primary obsolete, the second always 

 shorter than the third, which, or the fourth, is longest in the wing. Tail 

 moderately long and decidedly forked. Tarsus stout, rather short, scutellated 

 in front, covered at the sides with a single plate ; claws moderately curved, 

 rather short (p. 183). 



LiNOTA, Zz;/ ;/«-/«. — Bill hard, nearly conical, but slightly swollen ; the point 

 slender and sharp. Nostrils basal, round, and hidden more or less by pro- 

 jecting and recurved plumes. Gape nearly straight. Wings long^ somewhat 

 pointed ; the first primary obsolete, the second, third, and fourth nearly 

 equal, and either the second or third the longest in the wing. Tail rather 

 long and forked. Tarsus short, scutellated in front, covered at the sides by a 

 single plate ; toes stout ; claws moderate, the hind claw rather large (p. 1S7). 



Pyrrhula, Brisson. — Bill hard, short, broad, and thick at the base, bulging at 

 the sides ; culmen rounded ; upper mandible considerably longer than the 

 lower, and overhanging its point. Nostrils basal, round, hidden by plume- 

 lets. Gape slightly arched. Wings rather short ; the first primary obsolete, 



