10 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



CARDUELIS SPINUS 



19. Carduelis spinus (L.)— THE SISKIN. 



Frincili.a Spinus Linn?ous, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 181 (1758 — Juniper 

 woocU of Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden). 

 Carduelis spinus (Linnwus), Yarrell, it, p. 126 ; Saunders, p. 175. 



Distribution. — England and Wales. — Resident and autumn-to- 

 spring visitor. A few pairs nest regularly Cumberland, and nests 

 have been recorded Durham, Yorks., Salop, and north Wales. 

 Evidence of having bred exceptionally Surrey, Sussex, Kent, and 

 other south counties, in most cases unsatisfactory. Scotland. — 

 Breeds from Perth northwards to Caithness and east Sutherland, 

 also in east Ross, occasionally in Tweed, and in small numbers in 

 Solway district, but otherwise a rare visitor to west side, and only 

 recently recorded from O. Hebrides (Barra, autumn). In Shet- 

 lands and Fair Isle has been noted on spring and autumn passages, 

 and in Orkneys in autumn. Ireland. — Resident. Breeds locally 

 all four Provinces. 



Migrations. — British Isles. — Arrives in fluctuating numbers east 

 coast Great Britain from Sept. to Nov., and departs in April and 

 earty May. Has been recorded from Lights of south coast Ireland 

 in winter, which may point to occasional emigration of Irish 

 residents. 



Distribution. — Abroad. — Locall}^ in north Europe and northern 

 Asia (but absent from the high north) as far south as Alps and 

 rarely to north Italy, Balkans, and Caucasus. In winter common 

 in Ital}^, sometimes not rare in north-west Africa. 



[Note. — The specimen of the North American Goldfinch, 

 Carduelis tristis (L.), shot on Achill Island (Mayo), Sept. 6, 1894, had no 

 doubt escaped from captivity (c/. Zool., 1894, p. 396)]. 



CARDUELIS FLAVIROSTRIS 



20. Carduelis flavirostris flavirostris (L.) — THE TWITE. 



Fringilla FLAViRosTRiS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 182 (1758 — 



" Europa." Typical locality : Sweden). 



Linota flavirostris (Linnaeus), Yarrell, 11, p. 160 ; Saunders, p. 193. 



Distribution. — England and Wales. — Resident. Breeds very 

 locally most moorlands from east Cheshire, north Staffs., north 

 Derby., and west Yorks. northwards, and in Lanes, at lower levels. 

 Forsakes high ground in winter. Small colony found nesting 

 north Devon 1904, but otherwise only known as somewhat uncertain 

 winter- visitor to south, though in some years plentiful on parts 

 of south coast. Very rare visitor Cornwall. Suspected of nesting 

 in north Wales. Scotland. — ^Much more common and general than 



