4 A HAND -LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



Very scarce north and north-west, and rather local elsewhere on 

 mainland, being in some places plentiful and in others very scarce. 

 Unknown O. Hebrides and very rare vagrant Orkneys and Shetlands. 

 Ireland. — Kesident since 17th century. Numerous ; scarcer in 

 extreme west. 



Distribution. — Abroad. — ^Nearly whole of Europe. Replaced by 

 other forms in Spain and north-Avest Africa, and in parts of Asia 

 and North America. 



NUCIFRAGA CARYOCATACTES 



7. Nucifraga caryocatactes caryocatactes (L.) — THE THICK- 

 BILLED NUTCRACKER. 



CoRVUS Caryocatactes Linna?us, Syst. Xat., ed. x, i, p. 106 (1758 — 

 Europe. Restricted typical locality : Sweden). 



Nucifraga caryocatactes (Linnaeus), Yarrell, 11, p. 330 (part) ; Saunders, 

 p. 233 (part). 



Distribution. — England. — Rare vagrant. Some occurrences 

 recorded under N . c. macrorhynchus may have been of this form, 

 but only the following have been satisfactorily identified : Sussex — 

 one near Chichester, Dec. 21, 1900, male near Brede, Feb. 12, 

 1907, one Penhurst, Nov. 7, 1908, female near Hastings, March 4, 

 1909 ; Kent — male, Benenden, Jan. 14, 1905 ; Cheshire — male near 

 Northwich, 1860. 



Distribution. — Abroad. — Scandinavia, Bornholm, northern Russia, 

 East Prussia, and principal mountain-systems of Europe (Harz, 

 Bohmerwald, Alps. Carpathians, Tatra, Balkans, etc.) 



8. Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynchus Brehm — THE 

 SLENDER-BILLED NUTCRACKER. 



Nucifraga macrorhynchos Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. eur. Vogel, i, 

 p. 103 (1823 — Mountain forests mid N. Eiirope and Asia. Restricted 

 typical locality : Germany — winter. Type, a migrant. 

 Nucifraga caryocatactes (Linnaeus), Yarrell, 11, p. 330 (part) ; Saimders, 

 p. 233 (part). 



Distribution. — Great Britain. — ^Vagrant. About forty authentic 

 records of Nutcrackers in England, chiefly in southern and eastern 

 counties, one Wales, three Scotland, but none Ireland. Probably 

 most were of the Slender-billed form, but few have been properly 

 identified (c/. supra). Five in autumn, 1911, were of this form. 



Distribution. — Abroad. — Breeding in Siberia ; in winter frequently 

 all over Europe, as far westwards as France and central Pyrenees. 

 Common in certain years, rare or absent in others. Represented 

 by allied forms in Japan, Formosa, north CMna, Kamtschatka, 

 Turkestan, Himalayas, etc. 



