REVIEW OF THE PARROTFISHES 17 



5a. Median predorsal scales 4 (fig. 5). 



6a. Gill membranes broadly joined to isthmus, without a free fold across 

 isthmus. 

 7a. Dorsal spines pungent. 



8a. Free, imbricate, incisorlike teeth present externally on both jaws; 

 inner lip not free at symphysis. (Hawaiian Islands.) 



Genus Scaridea Jenkins 

 86. No free, imbricate incisorlike teeth present externally on lower jaw, 

 teeth coalesced into a beak much as in the Scarinae, but edges 

 of the dental plates have more distinct but fused teeth; when 

 mouth is closed edge of dental plate of upper jaw included 

 within that of lower jaw; inner lip free across snout; anterior 

 nasal opening with a cirrus, multifid at tip; canine teeth 

 usually present on upper jaw. (Atlantic.) 



Genus Sparisoma Swainson 

 76. Dorsal spines flexible. 



9a. Free, imbricate, incisorlike teeth present externally on both jaws; 

 6 or 7 teeth in the middle rows of lower pharyngeals, the 

 seventh or outer tooth usually rudimentary; inner upper lip 

 not free across symphj'sis of snout; upper jaw with canines at 

 sides hooked out and somewhat backward. (Central and 

 West-Pacific, Indian Ocean) . . . Genus Calotomus Gilbert 

 96. No free, imbricate, incisorlike teeth present externally on jaws; teeth 

 coalesced into a plate with external canines on upper jaw of 

 adult males, absent on young and absent on adult females; 

 6 teeth present in middle rows of lower pharyngeals, the outer 

 one on one side or the other rudimentary; lower jaw fits over 

 tips of teeth of upper jaw when mouth is closed. (West Pacific, 



Indian Ocean) Genus Leptoscarus Swainson 



66. Gill membranes broadly joined to isthmus, with a free fold (sometimes 

 very narrow) across isthmus; dorsal spines flexible; pointed, in- 

 cisorlike teeth present externally on both jaws; canines on outside 

 of upper jaw present or absent. 

 10a. Dermal cirrus absent on anterior nostril, edge mostly in the form of 

 an elevated or raised rim; inner lip not free at front of snout; 

 head notably pointed from lateral profile, angle between dorsal 

 and ventral profiles about 40 to 50 degrees, snout profile may be 

 slightly concave; external teeth slanting forward at front of 

 both jaws, those of lower jaw more slanting; when mouth is 

 closed tips of upper jaw meet teeth of lower jaw obUquely. 

 (West Atlantic, Bermuda.) .... Genus Cryptotomus Cope 

 106. Dermal cirrus on anterior nostril well developed but usually not 

 reaching posterior nostril; inner lip free across tip of snout; head 

 more rounded, becoming somewhat pointed in adults, angle 

 between dorsal and ventral profiles about 70 to 80 degrees; 

 tips of external teeth at front of mouth meeting, or those of 

 lower jaw may be included; not notably obhque. (West 



Atlantic, East Pacific.) Genus Nicholsina Fowler 



66. Median predorsal scales 5; gill membranes broadly joined to isthmus, 

 without free fold; dorsal spines pungent; no free imbricated teeth 

 present on jaws; edge of upper jaw included in that of lower jaw when 

 mouth is closed. (East Atlantic.) 



Genus Euscarus Jordan and Evermann 



