2 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 23 9 



Museum (Natural History) did the same for the collections in their 

 charge. 



All the photographs were prepared by Frank White, staff photog- 

 rapher for the Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, save those 

 which bear United States National Museum numbers. These were 

 prepared by courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution. 



Drs. W. J. Clench, R. D. Turner, and M. E. Champion of the 

 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, were 

 kind enough to read the manuscript and offer many helpful suggestions. 



Finally, I wish to thank my wife, who helped to prepare the manu- 

 script for press. 



Gould: Early Years 



Augustus Addison Gould, a Boston physician, was one of the leading 

 figures in the second epoch of American conchology, which, in fact, 

 was termed the "Gouldian Period" by William H. ball (1888, p. 97). 

 This period began in 1841 with the publication of Gould's "Report 

 on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts," and, according to Dall, "was 

 characterized by the broader scope of investigation, the interest in 

 geographical distribution, the anatomy of the soft parts, and the more 

 precise definition and exact discrimination of specific forms." 



Augustus was born on April 23, 1805, in New Ipswich, New Hamp- 

 shire, the son of Nathaniel Duren Gould and Sally Andrews Prichard. 

 Married on November 15, 1801, the Goulds had eight children, three 

 of whom died in infancy. Augustus was the second child and first 

 survivor. We learn by way of genealogical background that the 

 elder Gould had been adopted by a maternal uncle at the age of 11 

 and that his name had been changed then from Nathaniel Gould 

 Duren to Nathaniel Duren Gould. We also find that the forebears 

 on both sides of the family were "Old Yankees," having emigrated 

 to America in the middle of the 17th century. 



Nathaniel Gould was a musician, a teacher of singing, and an 

 engraver noted for his penmanship. He tried many occupations — 

 school teaching, farming, politics — and was a town selectman from 

 1807 until he left New Ipswich in 1815. That year he went to 

 Boston to seek his fortune, leaving the farm in the hands of his family. 

 From 1817 to 1820 Nathaniel was a member of the Massachusetts 

 State Legislature. He taught in the grammar schools during the 

 day and gave music lessons in the evenings. Later in life he was 

 engaged to engross Harvard diplomas. 



Young Augustus remained on the farm. At the age of 15, he 

 took complete charge of the work but devoted part of his time to 

 study at the New Ipswich Appleton Academy. In 1821, at the age 



