REVISION OF MOTHS OF CARPOSINIDAE 5 



fied and named. Later studies, primarily by Japanese workers such 

 as Hukusima (1953, 1957) and Miyashita et al. (1955), have increased 

 our knowledge considerably. Two generations a year apparently is 

 the average number for this species in Japan, although from one to 

 three generations are possible depending upon the latitude and local 

 climatic conditions. Although the adult moth has been reported to 

 be primarily crepuscular, Hukusima (1953) observed that adult activ- 

 ity was influenced primarily by air temperature, with humidity, light 

 intensity, and wmd velocity playing a decidedly lesser role. He 

 recorded maximum activity at about 20°C and decreasing rapidly 

 above 25°C and below 18°C. Even though more than one activity 

 period may appear during the course of a day, however, the maximum 

 period does appear to commence after sunset. The eggs are deposited 

 externally, smgly, and usually in the hairy cavities or basins of the 

 fruit. Occasionally, eggs are deposited on the petiole and upper surface 

 of the leaves. Experiments by Hukusima (1957) indicate that the 

 female relies largely on a tactile sense in selectmg an oviposition site, 

 with optic and olfactory responses exerting less influence. It was also 

 observed that the moths displayed a decided preference to deposit 

 eggs on the more hairy sm^faces of the fruit as opposed to smoother 

 surfaces. The eggs are yellowish, spherical in form, and approximately 

 0.5 mm. in diameter. Upon hatching from the egg, the newly emerged 

 larva at first seeks out a suitable place to enter the fruit and then bores 

 in, feedmg on the fleshy parts of the fruit as well as on the seeds. 

 Occasionally a developing larva may leave one fruit and enter another. 

 Immediately prior to pupation, the fuU grown larva enters the gromid 

 beneath the host tree to a depth of one or two inches and constructs 

 a tough, oval cocoon of light gray silk. The pupation period for the 

 summer brood (s) normally requires about two weeks; however, m the 

 case of the last brood of the season, the larva overwinters inside the 

 cocoon and pupates the following spring, with the adults of the first 

 brood emergmg shortly thereafter. 



Only one chromosome study has been attempted in this family and 

 that was by Saitoh and Yamada (1966) on Carposina niponensis. These 

 authors report a haploid count of 31 clu'omosomes of approximately 

 equal size. In the few Tortricidae studies thus far (Makino, 1951) a 

 haploid number of 30 has been observed with one large chromosome 

 present in the set. Too little uiformation is presently available to 

 comment on the relative significance of the observed karyotypic 

 differences between these two families. 



Literature pertaining to the life history of the New World species 

 is scant indeed. No biological studies have been conducted, although 

 a few brief notes relating host information have appeared from time 

 to time on certain North American species. Forbes (1923) briefly 



