AVIAN GENUS CHRYSOCOCCYX HI 



late October to March or early April; partly or irregularly migratory in parts of 

 equatorial eastern Africa. The species has been divided into three races, as follows : 



C. klaas klaas (Stephens) : range includes all of that given for the species, except 

 southwestern Arabia, and the coastal belt of the Juba River area of southern 

 Somalia. 



C. klaas arabicus (Bates) : southwestern Arabia (Asar, near Faifa, Asir) ; validity 

 of this race is uncertain and will remain so until further material becomes available. 



C. klaas somereni (Chapin): the Juba River area of southern Somalia, possibly 

 the adjacent northeast corner of Kenya. 



11. C. cupreus (Shaw): breeds throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa, chiefly 

 in evergreen forest but also in dense scrub country, avoiding arid regions and 

 areas over 8000 feet in altitude, from Senegal, east across upper Guinea to the 

 southern Sudan to Ethiopia, south to the islands in the Gulf of Guinea (Fernando 

 Poo, Principe, and Sao Tom^), to Gabon, and Angola, the Rhodesias, and to 

 Transvaal, Natal, and the eastern part of Cape Province; migratory in the south- 

 ern part of its range, where present only in the breeding season, late October to 

 late March. The species has been divided into four races, the status of two of 

 which have been matters of uncertainty, as follows: 



C. cupreus cupreus (Shaw) : from Senegal and Gambia to the Sudan and east 

 to Ethiopia. 



C. cupreus intermedius (Hartlaub) : from Cameroon east across the Congo and 

 Uganda to western Kenya and south to southern Angola and the Zambesi valley 

 (Mozambique). 



C. cupreus sharpei (van Someren): South Africa, especially the eastern part; 

 winters to the north, but winter range uncertain. 



C. cupreus insularum: the islands of the Gulf of Guinea (Sao TomI and 

 Principe) . 



12. C. caprius (Boddaert) : breeds throughout most of Africa south of the 

 Sahara in wooded country and in bushy areas, but not in treeless grasslands or 

 desert areas, occurs from sea level to about 7000 feet, from Senegal, and the 

 countries of upper Guinea east to Ethiopia, and south to Cape Province; also 

 in the islands of Zanzibar, and Mafia on the east coast, and to Fernando Poo in 

 the Gulf of Guinea; one record from southwestern Arabia (Aden); definitely 

 migratory south of the Zambesi, where it occurs mainly during the breeding 

 season, September to April. 



From an evolutionary standpoint, the ranges of the present dozen species, with 

 their 32 more or less distinct races, are of interest in that they reveal more numer- 

 ous and more extensive areas of sympatry for two or more of the species than 

 they do areas of intrageneric allopatry. Inasmuch as it is now well established that 

 speciation and subspeciation are attended in their incipient stages by geographic 

 isolation, it becomes necessary to postulate considerable subsequent movement 

 of the various species to account for their present distribution. Thus, we find 

 malayanus sympatric with xanthorhynchus in the ISIalay Peninsula (nominate 

 races of both), in Borneo (C. malayanus aheneus and typical C. xanthorhynchus), 

 and in the Philippines — at least in Basilan (typical C. malayanus and C. xanthor- 

 hynchus amethystinus) . In southern Australia three species of the genus occur 

 together to some extent, although partly separated ecologically (C lucidus 

 plagosus, C. basalts, and C. osculans) ; in Africa klaas, cupreus, and caprius are 

 extensively sympatric, as are also fiavigularis, klaas, and cupreus in a more 

 restricted area. 



The still meager data suggest altitudinal allopatry for the two Papuan species, 

 meyerii and ruficollis, although there may be some overlapping. Allopatry is 

 clearly indicated for typical C. lucidus in New Zealand and for two of its races 



