92 BULLETIN 159, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



It is difficult if not impossible to determine from the diagnosis 

 given by Linnaeus whether this refers to the bird from southern India 

 or to that from Java. The determination of the pertinence of the 

 name Gracula religiosa probably will therefore rest on the references 

 given. 



The first of these, Corvus javanensis Osbeck,^^ is based exclusively 

 on the bird from Java. The Sturnus indicus of Bontius ^^ is, of course, 

 from Java; while Willoughby ^® and Ray ^* quote "Sturnus Indicus 

 Bontii" as the source of their birds, and mention no other locality. 

 The "Minor s. Mino" of Edwards *° is, according to his text, from 

 Borneo, and both his figures evidently represent the bird from that 

 island, notwithstanding the small size of the one he calls "Less." 

 The remaining reference is from Albin,*' who describes "The Minor" 

 from "East India," and figures a bird that is evidently the Javan 

 species. 



It will thus be seen that all Linnaeus's references are based on the 

 species now known as Gracula javana; and since the Linnaean name 

 Gracula religiosa *^ is of considerably earlier date than Eulabes javanus 

 Cuvier,*^ it seems that it necessarily becomes the proper name of the 

 bird from Java. 



The species formerly called Gracula religiosa becomes, by this 

 change, Gracula indica (Cuvier),** which name was based on d'Auben- 

 ton's Planches Enlumin^es, No. 268, which appears to be the only 

 one of the old figures that represents this species. 



There are now 12 apparently distinct races of Gracula religiosa, of 

 which the names and ranges are as follows: 



1. Gracula religiosa religiosa Linnaeus. 



[Gracula] religiosa Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 108, Jan. 1, 1858. 



("Asia" [=Java].) 

 Gracula minor Forster, Indische zoologie, p. 40, 1781. (Based on "Edw. 



ibid." — "Minor or Mino, Greater and Less," Edwards, Natural historj- of 



uncommon birds, vol. 1, pi. 17, p. 17, 1776.; "Borneo.") 

 E[ulabes]. javaims Cuvier, Regne animal, ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 377, 1829. ("Java.") 

 Mainains sumatranus Lesson, Traits d'ornithologie, p. 357, Dec. 1, 1830. 



("Sumatra.") 

 Gr[acula]. javanensis Blyth, Journ. Asiatic Sec. Bengal, vol. 15, no. 169, p. 31, 



for Jan., 1846 (published after Jan.) (Osbeck MS.). ("Malacca.") 



Geographic distribution. — Islands of Kangean, Bali, Java, Billiton, 

 Banka, Sumatra with its eastern coast islands, and the Pagi Islands; 



» Dogbok Ostindisk Resa, p. 1U2, 1757. 



" Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis, libri sex, p. 67, 1658. 



» Ornithologiae libri tres, p. 145, 1676. 



•' Synopsis methodica avium et piscium, p. 68, 1713. 



*• Natural history of birds, vol. 1, p. 17, pi. 17, 1743. 



<i Natural history of birds, vol. 2, p. 35, pi. 38, 1738. 



" Systema natunve, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 108, Jan. 1, 1758. 



«' E[ulabe>]. javanus Cuvier, Regne animal, ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 377, 1820. ("Java.") 



" Elulabes]. indicus Cuvier, Regne animal, ed. 2. vol. 1, p.' 377, 1829. ("des Indes.") 



