44 BULLETIN 136, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



the open at the outer end and the closed. The reed pipes have a 

 single beating reed in the foot. The little automatons on 95302 are 

 moved by clockwork. This instrument has only flue pipes. The 

 larger instruments, 95303 (pi. 47&) and 95304, which is considerably 

 larger, have a rectangular base which contains the cylinder, bellows, 

 and air chest, while the upright part contains the pipes. These in- 

 struments have both flue and reed pipes, and are constructed to play 

 seven and nine tunes, respectively. 



HORNS 



The subject of horns is introduced as follows by Mr. Hawley : 



Horns of civilized nations generally have a cupped mouthpiece consisting of 

 a small conical or conoidal cup with a small opening in its bottom, the apex 

 of the cone. Some have a small or hemispherical or shallow concave cup. This 

 mouthpiece is sometimes made in the material of the horn, but more often it 

 is separable and inserted in the upper end of the tube. In horns of some 

 savage nations such a mouthpiece is lacking, and the opening into the bore of 

 the tuhe is large enough to receive a greater portion of the lips. 



PRIMITIVE HORNS 



A simple horn is one in which the length of the column of air is 

 always the same. Such a horn produces only the fundamental tone 

 and its harmonics. The longer the column of air (to a certain ex- 

 tent) the lower will be the fundamental tone of the horn and the 

 greater the number of harmonics. The oldest example of a simple 

 horn is the Hebrew shofar (154402, pi. 19a). This is made of a 

 ram's horn, blown through the small end, and has a cupped mouth- 

 piece. The natural cavity of the horn forms the bore and the out- 

 side has been worked down thin so that it conforms to the shape 

 of the cavity. According to Dr. I. M. Casanowicz " the most ancient 

 and frequent use of the shofar was for military purposes, to give 

 the signal for the rallying of the people and for attacking and pur- 

 suing the enemy." 8 The shofar was also used for the announcement 

 of Jewish feasts and, with other musical instruments, it accompanied 

 the song of praise in the temple. The first mention of the shofar 

 is in Exodus xix, 16, and the word is frequently and erroneously 

 translated " trumpet " or " cornet." In this and the three horns next 

 following, a cupped mouthpiece is formed by enlarging the natural 

 cavity of the horn. No. 95694 (pi. 195) is a Dervish horn from 

 Damascus, with the lower end cut like a swallow's tail. A Dervish 

 horn from Egypt is shown in 95198 (pi. 19e). The flattened horn 

 is probably that of the African goat. A slightly different horn is 

 92709 from Calcutta. This is a rather short black horn from an 

 ox or buffalo. The tip has been cut off at the commencement of the 



8 Annual Report, Smithsonian Institute, 1922, p. 487. 



