46 BULLETIN 136, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



specimens from the Fiji Archipelago, Korea, Burma, India, the 

 Samoan Islands, and the Indo-Pacific. The largest number are 

 made from the Triton shell {Triton tritonis Linnaeus). Three 

 specimens obtained about 1840 have the mouth hole in the side of 

 the shell, all the other specimens have the apex broken or cut off, 

 thus forming a cupped mouthpiece. These are 3466 (Triton varie- 

 gratum), (pi. 19A) a particularly handsome shell from the Samoan 

 Islands; 2906 (Triton tritonis)* about the same size, from the Fiji 

 Archipelago; and 2908, smaller and from the same locality, said to 

 have been used to rally warriors in battle. The three having a 

 mouth hole formed bj r grinding off the apex of the shell are 95621, 

 from Korea, covered with a network of red cord; 23904, which is 

 Fijian, and 95152, from the Indo-Pacific. 



It is said that 92713, from Calcutta, was used in religious cere- 

 monies. The shell is Pterocera Lamarck, No. 95509 has the top or 

 cone of the shell bronzed. The shell is Turbinella pyram and it is 

 from Rangoon, in British Burma. 



No. 92712 (pi. 19d) is an ancient Hindu war horn from India. 

 It is made from the "helmet shell" (Cash Lamarck), which is 

 thought by the Hindus to resemble the mouth of a cow, and is so 

 named. Cameos are frequently cut from this sort of shell. 



SIMPLE HORNS 



A trumpet is shown on the Arch of Titus, and this sculpture is 

 believed to be the oldest representation of such a musical instru- 

 ment. It is a long, slender tube, slightly flaring, with a cupped 

 mouthpiece. Doctor Casanowicz states " the trumpet was the first 

 instrument expressly ordered in the Pentateuch (Numbers x, 1-10). 

 ... It was almost exclusively a priestly instrument. Its primary 

 use was for giving signals for the people to assemble, but was appro- 

 priated to religious services." The form of the ancient Hebrew 

 trumpet was continued in the Roman tuba and in the clarion of the 

 Middle Ages. A specimen of clarion (95294, pi. 20a) was collected 

 in Florence by Dr. G. Brown Goode, and in the catalogue is dated 

 1411. It is 52% inches long. The shape of the instrument was well 

 adapted to the carrying of a banner, and in the age of chivalry it 

 was customary for heralds to precede the nobility blowing clarions 

 with banners which displayed the arms or heraldic device of the 

 nobleman. 



A particularly interesting form of simple horn is the long slender 

 Alpine horn, used by the mountaineers for signaling and for as- 

 sembling their herds. The tones of the instrument can be heard a 

 long distance and are made more picturesque by the echoes of the 

 mountains. The melodies played on these horns are called "Songs 



