HANDBOOK OF THE COLLECTION OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 47 



of the Swiss herdsmen." Two specimens are exhibited, both being 

 made by Hug Bros., of St. Gallen, Switzerland. The older type is a 

 straight conical tube, 96*4 inches long, with the bell turned at a 

 right angle (95512). It is made of thin fir, the outside wound Avith 

 a ribbon or splint of thin hardwood, and has a cupped mouthpiece 

 made of turned hardwood which is separable from the horn. A 

 second Alpine horn, believed to be of modern form, has the tube 

 bent on itself, making a horn only about 37 inches long (95513, 

 pi. 205). This is less difficult to handle and is used chiefly in Uri, 

 Schwyz, and Unterwalden. With the Alpine horns is shown a Dutch 

 horn which is about 39 inches long and has no separable mouthpiece 

 (95812). It is a tapering tube built up of five thin flat and tapering 

 staves of wood hooped by bands of withes. The surface is painted 

 brown and decorated in colors. This horn was used by the Hol- 

 landers in their Christmas ceremonies. 



The folding of the tube, which revolutionized the development of 

 the whole family of brass instruments was known to the Romans 

 in the first century of our era, but, according to Galpin, "it seems 

 almost certain that, like some of the arts of classic times, it was put 

 aside and forgotten when the great empire fell. Just before or 

 after the year 1300, however, the folded form appears again in 

 northern Italy, where a great revival of art and industry had be- 

 gun." The rediscovery of the form is attributed to an oriental 

 source. 



Two metal horns with folded tubes are illustrated. The smaller 

 (55605, pi. 20d) is a C Infantry bugle, ' ; U. S. Army Regulation 

 style, 1860," and the larger (96492 pi. 20/) is a trumpet from Thibet 

 made of eight sections of brass with lapped and soldered joints, the 

 edge of the bell ornamented with leaf points in repousee. An Italian 

 bugle is 95271. 



HORN? WITH SLIDE, FINGEB HOLES, KEYS, AND VALVES 



On a simple tube, as described in the preceding paragraphs, it is 

 impossible to produce the diatonic scale except in the highest har- 

 monics which are extremely fatiguing to play and faulty in their 

 intonation. Hence mechanical means were devised for lengthening 

 or shortening the tube, whereby a lower or higher series of natural 

 harmonics could be obtained and the gaps in the range of the in- 

 strument filled up. The earliest attempt in this direction and a 

 system retained to our own day was the formation of a slide in one 

 part of the tube, which could be extended and drawn in at pleasure. 

 Some writers have traced this first improvement to the Spartan 

 bard, Tyrtaeus, who lived 700 B. C, and it appears that the Romans 

 knew of it. In the Middle Ages such an instrument was called a 

 sackbut, later the instrument was improved and the term "trom- 



